Tehit language
Bird's Head language spoken in Indonesia
| Tehit | |
|---|---|
| Kaibus | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Papua |
| Ethnicity | Tehit |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2000)[1] 500 monolinguals (2000)[1] |
Language family | West Papuan? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kps |
| Glottolog | tehi1237 |
1°31′S 131°59′E / 1.51°S 131.99°E / -1.51; 131.99 | |
Tehit is a Papuan language of the Bird's Head Peninsula of New Guinea. Other spellings are Tahit, Tehid, and other names Kaibus, Teminabuan. Dialects are Tehit Jit, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Imyan, Sfa Riere, Fkar, Sawiat Salmeit.
Subdivisions
Subgroups
Major Tehit ethnic subgroups:[2]
- Tehit Mlafle
- Tehit Mlakya
- Tehit Konda
- Tehit Nakna
- Tehit Imian
- Tehit Nasfa
- Tehit Ogit / Yaben
- Tehit Srer
- Tehit Imian Slaya
- Tehit Imian Salmit Klawsa
- Tehit Salmi Klawsa
- Tehit Mla Flassi
- Tehit Mla Srit
- Tehit Wakya
- Tehit Gemna
- Tehit Sfa
Locations of some Tehit subgroups:[2]
- Tehit Mlafle and Tehit Mlakya, in Teminabuan District: Kaibus, Werisar, Keyen, Boldon, Seribau, Srer, and Sria villages.
- Tehit Konda, in Konda District: Konda, Mnaelek, and Mbariat villages.
- Tehit Nakya, in Saifi District: Malaswat, Manggroholo, Sira, Kwowok, Komanggaret, Sayal, Kayabo, Botaen, Sisir, and Knaya villages.
- Tehit Imian, in Seremuk District: Gamaro, Tofot, Haha, Woloin, and Kakas villages.
- Tehit Nasfa, in Sawiyat District: Wenslolo, Wensnahan, Wensi villages.
Clans
Tehit clans:[2]
- Anggiluli
- Ajamsaru
- Aru
- Anny
- Antoh
- Asmuruf
- Adiolo
- Aflili
- Anny Snahan
- Athabu
- Bauk
- Blesmargi
- Bolhok
- Bosawer
- Blesia
- Bleskadit
- Boltal
- Bless
- Bri
- Dimofle
- Duwit
- Esfat
- Fna
- Flassy
- Flasisao
- Firisa
- Fafottolo
- Fle
- Flesa
- Gemnase
- Gimnafle
- Ginuni
- Gomor
- Homer
- Howay
- Jarfi
- Kasminya
- Kalithin
- Kabelwa
- Kehek
- Kaisala
- Kareth
- Kamesrar
- Kaliele
- Kedemes
- Kwani
- Kelelago
- Kalilago
- Konjol
- Kondologit
- Kondororik
- Krenak
- Kemesfle
- Klesei
- Krimadi
- Kladit
- Kolin
- Kombado
- Klafle
- Karsao Kadit
- Karsauw
- Kami
- Kambu
- Kalkomik
- Kolenggea Flesa
- Kolinggea Totyi
- Kolingge Amak
- Kolin
- Komendi
- Keya
- Kamesok
- Klofat
- Kowani
- Lemauk
- Lohok
- Lokden
- Majefat
- Maga
- Majesfa
- Majebrofat
- Mbol Foyo
- Mere
- Meles
- Melesogo
- Mlik
- Momot
- Mondar
- Mrokendi
- Mtrar Mian Neman
- Ngomor
- Naa
- Onim
- Oniminya
- Ogon
- Refe
- Ririk
- Roni
- Sabri
- Sabrigis
- Salosa
- Sawen
- Sakamak
- Sa Marfat
- Sadalmat
- Saswen
- Saru
- Safkaur
- Salamuk
- Sagaret
- Sables
- Sadrafle
- Sdun
- Srefle
- Serefat
- Sreklefat
- Sremere
- Saranik
- Seramik
- Sesa
- Smori
- Snahan
- Sarefe
- Snanfi
- Sadiwan
- Sagisolo
- Sregia
- Srekadifat
- Sakardifat
- Salambauw
- Slambau Karfat
- Srer
- Simat
- Segeitmena
- Seryo
- Satfle
- Safle
- Singgir
- Smur
- Saman
- Susim
- Sagrim
- Sreifi
- Srekya
- Srekdifat
- Saflafo
- Siger
- Saflesa
- Sre Klefat
- Syasefa
- Seketeles
- Saflembolo
- Selaya
- Saledrar
- Snanbion
- Sigi
- Sekalas
- Saflessa
- Sefle
- Thesia
- Tidiel
- T’ryo
- Trogea
- Tigori
- Tritrigoin Wato
- Wasfle
- Wamban
- Way
- Watak
- Wafatolo
- Wamblessa
- Wodiok
- Woloin
- Wagarefe
- Widik
- Woloble
- Wororik
- Yatam
- Yajan
- Yajar
- Yable
- Yafle
- Yadafat
- Yadanfi
- Yarollo
- Yelmolo
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p b | t d | ɡ | q | ||
| prenasal | ᵐp ᵐb | ⁿt ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᶰq | |||
| Fricative | ɸ | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | (w) | l | (j) | ||||
- Glide sounds [w, j] mainly occur as a result of vowels /o, i/ in different syllable positions.[3]
- /q/ can be heard as a fricative [ʁ] when in intervocalic positions, and as a velar [k] when in coda position within the onset of /i/.
- /d/ can also be heard as an affricate [dʒ] when preceding /i/ in word segments.
- Sounds /t, q/ are mainly unreleased [t̚, q̚] in when in word-final positions.
- Fricatives /ɸ, s/ can optionally be voiced as [β, z] when within the environment of /i/, among speech.[4]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ||
| Mid | e | (ə) | o |
| Low | a |
- A schwa [ə] vowel sound is said to occur only in pretonic positions, which means in syllables preceding the stressed syllable. It is always heard as unstressed, and always in between consonant sounds.[5][3]
- /i/ can be heard as [ɪ] when preceding a word-final /ɾ/, and as [ɨ] when preceding vowel sounds /a, o/ within the onset of a labial consonant.
- /e/ can be heard as [ɛ] when in closed syllables.
- /o/ may also have an allophone of [u] when in closed syllables within a labial consonantal onset with a back coda consonant.
Morphology
Tehit has four grammatical genders, which are masculine, feminine, plural, and neuter. Examples:[6]
| gender | suffix | examples |
|---|---|---|
| masculine | -w | ndla-w ‘husband’, sna-w ‘moon’, qliik-w ‘snake’ |
| feminine | -m | -ene-m ‘mother’, tali-m ‘sun’, mbol-m ‘house’ |
| plural | -y | sinas-y ‘small mosquito’, sinaq-y ‘gravel’, siray ‘salt’ |
| neuter | zero | n/a |
Gender prefixes in Tehit can not only be used to denote gender, but also size, wholeness, and the stability of appearances. Masculine gender is associated with small size, parts of wholes, and changing appearances, while feminine gender is associated with large size, wholeness, and stable appearances. Examples (from Flassy 1991: 10–12):
| feminine | masculine | |
|---|---|---|
| wet ‘child’ | wet-m child-3F wet-m child-3F ‘girl’ | wet-w child-3M wet-w child-3M ‘boy’ |
| e’ren ‘fish’ | e’ren-m fish-3F e’ren-m fish-3F ‘big fish’ | e’ren-w fish-3M e’ren-w fish-3M ‘small fish’ |
| mbol ‘house’ | mbol-y house-3PL mbol-y house-3PL ‘houses’ | mbol-w house-3M mbol-w house-3M ‘small house’ / ‘houses’ |
| sika ‘cat’ | sika-w cat-3M sika-w cat-3M ‘male cat’ / ‘cats’ |
References
- ^ a b Tehit at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. ISBN 978-602-356-318-0.
- ^ a b Hesse, Ronald (2000). Tehit. In Ger P. Reesink (ed.), Studies in Irian Languages: Part II: Jakarta, Indonesia: Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 25–33.
- ^ Hesse, Ronald (1993). Imyan Tehit Phonology. Grand Forks: Univ. of North Dakota.
- ^ Hesse, Ronald (1995). Syllable structure in Imyan Tehit. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 26. pp. 101–171.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Further reading
- Flassy, Don A. L.; Stokhof, W. A. L. (1979). "A Note on Tehit (Bird's Head – Irian Jaya)" (PDF). In Amran Halim (ed.). Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part VI. NUSA 7. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 35–83.
- Flassy, Don A. L. (1991). Grammar Sketch of Tehit: A Toror language, the West Doberai Peninsula, New Guinea (Irian Jaya) (MA thesis). Leiden University.
- Hesse, Ronald (1993). Imyan Tehit Phonology (MA thesis). University of North Dakota.
- Hesse, Ronald (2000). "Tehit" (PDF). In Reesink, Ger P. (ed.). Studies in Irian Languages, Part II. NUSA 47. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 25–33.
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| West Bird's Head | |||||||||
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| Central Bird's Head | |||||||||
| North Halmahera |
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| Others |
West Papuan
| East Bird's Head –Sentani |
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| Yawa |
