Chawan dialect

Chawan dialect^[1] (simplified Chinese: 诏安话; traditional Chinese: 詔安話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chiàu-an-ōɛ) is a variety of Southern Min spoken in the Chawan (Zhao'an) County in Fujian province, China. It is usually considered a divergent dialect of Hokkien exhibiting some Teochew influence.

Geography and classification

Chawan dialect is spoken in the southern half of the Chawan (Zhao'an) county. The northern part of the county, with roughly one-third of its population, is mainly Hakka-speaking, and the border between the Chawan-speaking and the Hakka-speaking parts of county lies within the Hongxing township (红星乡) and Taiping town (太平镇).^[5]

The dialect spoken in Sidu (四都镇), Meizhou (梅洲乡) and Jinxing (金星乡), three localities in the eastern part of the Chawan county, is closer to the Yunxiao Hokkien. The Yunxiao dialect bears some affinity to Chawan, however, it lacks some of its notable characteristicts, such as vowels /ɯ/ and /ə/.^[5]

A related dialect is spoken in some parts of the Dongshan island, particularly the Qianlou town (前楼镇).^[6]

The speech of the Nanzhao town is taken as representative for Chawan dialect. There are some internal differences, but the subdialects of Chawan are yet poorly described. E.g.:^[7]

• The dialect of the Tingyang village (汀洋村) in Baiyang Township (白洋乡), almost at the Fujian-Guangdong border, shows some Teochew specific traits, such as lack of denasalization and the merger of /in, an/ with /iŋ, aŋ/ (e.g. it distinguishes 目 ma̍k and 木 ba̍k, while general Chawan has both as ba̍k; it distinguishes initials, but not finals in 儂 nâng and 蘭 lâng, while general Chawan has 儂 lâng and 蘭 lân).
• The dialect of the Wenshan (文山村) village in the Taiping Town (太平镇) has the rime /oi/ in words like 尾 bói, unlike general Chawan bóe. It also has the rime /-uou/ instead of /-ou/ (e.g. it reads 土 thó͘ as [tʰuou³⁵], unlike general Chawan [tʰou⁵³]), which is a trait found in some Hokkien dialects around Zhangpu.

Chawan is usually classified as a dialect of Hokkien. However, it also has some common traits with Teochew, particularly in its vocabulary, e.g.:

• 睇 théiⁿ "to see" (cf. Teochew 睇 thóiⁿ, Hokkien 看 khòaⁿ)
• 呾話 tàⁿ-ōɛ "to talk" (cf. Teochew 呾話 tàⁿ-ōe, Hokkien 講話 kóng-ōa)
• 女 nńg "woman" (cf. Teochew 女 nṳ́ng, Hokkien 女 lí)

Phonology

Consonants

In terms of consonants, Chawan does not differ much from other dialects of Hokkien. It has as total of 15 initials. Denasalization is extensive, which is typical for Hokkien, but not for Teochew.

Rimes

The most notable feature of Chawan is the presence of the vowels /ɯ/ and /ə/, which are absent in the general Zhangzhou dialects.

Chawan is also notable for distinguishing /ue/ and /uɛ/. While the former rime is common across Hokkien dialects, the latter is usually merged with /ue/ (in Quanzhou Hokkien) or /ua/ (in Zhanghzou Hokkien). To a lesser extent, Yunxiao Hokkien also distinguishes /ue/ and /uɛ/.

Chawan dialect does not dissimilate the rimes /uam/ and /uap/ (in 凡 hoâm, 犯 hoām, 法 hoap), similarly to Teochew. Most other Hokkien dialects have /uan/ and /uat/ instead.

Tones

Chawan has 7 citation tones, which are mostly similar to general Zhangzhou Hokkien tones.^[7]

Notes

References

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Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)

• West Himalayish
• Tamangic
• Newaric
  • Newar
  • Baram–Thangmi
• Kiranti
• Dhimalish
  • Dhimal
  • Toto
  • Lhokpu
• Lepcha

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)

• Bodish
  • Tibetic
  • East Bodish
  • Tshangla
  • Basum
  • Nam?
• Gongduk
• ʼOle
• Tani
• Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border

• Karbi
• Kuki-Chin
• Mruic
  • Mru
  • Hkongso
• Pyu
• Taman

"Naga"	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia

• Sinitic
  • Chinese
  • Min
• Bai
• Tujia
• Nungish
• Karenic
• Gong
• Kathu
• Cai–Long
  • Caijia
  • Longjia
  • Luren

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible isolates)
(Arunachal)

• Hrusish
  • Hruso
  • Mijiic
• Kho-Bwa
  • Puroik
• Miju–Meyor
• Songlin

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupings

• Central Tibeto-Burman
• Kuki-Chin–Naga
• Macro-Bai
• Mahakiranti
• Rung
• Tibeto-Burman
• Tibeto-Kanauri

Proto-languages

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan
• Proto-Tibeto-Burman
• Proto-Loloish
• Proto-Karenic
• Proto-Min
• Proto-Hakka

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.