Zanabazar square script
Abugida developed by the monk and scholar Zanabazar
𑨢𑨆𑨏𑨳𑨋𑨆𑨬𑨳
Abugida
Time period
Parent systems
Egyptian
- Proto-Sinaitic
- Phoenician
- Aramaic
- Brahmi
- Gupta
- Tibetan
- Phagspa
- Zanabazar's square script
- Phagspa
- Tibetan
- Gupta
- Brahmi
- Aramaic
- Phoenician
- U+11A00–U+11A4F Zanabazar Square
The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
| Southern Brahmic |
|
Zanabazar's square script is a horizontal Mongolian square script (Mongolian: Хэвтээ Дөрвөлжин бичиг, Khevtee Dörvöljin bichig or Mongolian: Хэвтээ Дөрвөлжин Үсэг, Khevtee Dörvöljin Üseg),[1] an abugida developed by the monk and scholar Zanabazar based on the Tibetan alphabet to write Mongolian. It can also be used to write Tibetan language and Sanskrit as a geometric typeface.[2][3]
It was re-discovered in 1801 and the script's applications during its using period are not known, read left to right, and employed vowel diacritics above and below the consonant letters.[1]
Letters
Vowels
The Zanabazar Square script is an abugida. Consonant represent a syllable with an inherent vowel /a/. The vowel can be changed by adding a diacritic to the consonant. Only the vowel /a/ is written as an independent letter; other independent vowels, for example those at the start of a word which can't be attached to a consonant, are written by adding the appropriate diacritic to the letter ⟨𑨀⟩. A length mark indicates that the vowel sound is long and a candrabindu ⟨◌𑨵⟩ indicates that it is nasalised.[4] The final consonant mark ⟨◌𑨳⟩ functions as a virama, or "killer stroke" that removes the inherent vowel, leaving an isolated consonant. When transcribing Sanskrit or Tibetan, a different virama, ⟨◌ 𑨴⟩ is used. Two additional diacritics are used for Sanskrit transcription, the anusvara ⟨◌𑨸⟩, which adds nasalisation and the visarga ⟨◌𑨹⟩, which adds aspiration.
| diacritics | ◌ 𑨁 i | ◌ 𑨂 ue | ◌ 𑨃 u | ◌ 𑨄 e | ◌ 𑨅 oe | ◌𑨆 o | ◌𑨇 ai or i | ◌𑨈 au or u | ◌𑨉 i | ◌𑨊 - | ◌𑨵 | ◌𑨳 - | ◌ 𑨴 - | ◌𑨸 ṃ | ◌𑨹 ḥ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| independent vowels | 𑨀 a | 𑨀𑨁 i | 𑨀𑨂 ue | 𑨀𑨃 u | 𑨀𑨄 e | 𑨀𑨅 oe | 𑨀𑨆 o | 𑨀𑨇 ai or i | 𑨀𑨈 au or u | 𑨀𑨉 i | 𑨀𑨊 ā | 𑨀𑨵 ã | 𑨀𑨸 aṃ | 𑨀𑨹 aḥ | ||
| consonant ⟨𑨋⟩ + diacritic | 𑨋 ka | 𑨋𑨁 ki | 𑨋𑨂 kue | 𑨋𑨃 ku | 𑨋𑨄 ke | 𑨋𑨅 koe | 𑨋𑨆 ko | 𑨋𑨇 kai or ki | 𑨋𑨈 kau or ku | 𑨋𑨉 ki | 𑨋𑨊 k | 𑨋𑨵 kã | 𑨋𑨳 k | 𑨋𑨴 k | 𑨋𑨸 kaṃ | 𑨋𑨹 kaḥ |
- ^ a b c Used in Sanskrit transcription.
- ^ Used in Sanskrit and Tibetan transcription.
Consonants
The Zanabazar script includes twenty basic consonants used for writing Mongolian, and twenty additional consonants that are used for transcribing Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, and other languages.[4]
𑨍 ga | 𑨋 ka | 𑨏 nga | 𑨒 ja | 𑨐 ca | 𑨓 nya | 𑨛 da | 𑨚 tha | 𑨝 na | 𑨠 ba | 𑨞 pa | 𑨢 ma | 𑨪 ya | 𑨫 ra | 𑨭 va | 𑨬 la | 𑨮 sha | 𑨰 sa | 𑨱 ha | 𑨲 kssa |
- ^ Sometimes substituted for non-initial va.
𑨌 kha | 𑨎 gha | 𑨑 cha | 𑨔 tta | 𑨕 ttha | 𑨖 dda | 𑨗 ddha | 𑨘 nna | 𑨙 ta | 𑨜 dha | 𑨟 pha | 𑨡 bha | 𑨣 tsa | 𑨤 tsha | 𑨥 dza | 𑨦 dzha | 𑨧 zha | 𑨨 za | 𑨩 -a | 𑨯 ssa |
Tibetan consonant clusters
The following diacritics are used for transcribing Tibetan consonant clusters.
| diacritic | 𑨺 r- | ◌𑨻 -ya | ◌𑨼 -ra | ◌𑨽 -la | ◌𑨾 -va |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| consonant ⟨𑨋⟩ + diacritic | 𑨺𑨋 rka | 𑨋𑨻 kya | 𑨋𑨼 kra | 𑨋𑨽 kla | 𑨋𑨾 kva |
Other characters
Head marks are similar to Tibetan yig mgo, and may be used to mark the beginning of a text, page, or section. They may be decorated with a candra, ⟨◌ 𑨶⟩ or ⟨◌ 𑨶⟩
𑨿𑩀 𑨿 𑨶𑩀 𑨿 𑨷𑩀 single-line | 𑩅𑩆 double-line |
𑩁 tsheg | 𑩂 shad | 𑩃 double shad | 𑩄 long tsheg |
Unicode
"Zanabazar Square" has been included in the Unicode Standard since the release of Unicode version 10.0 in June 2017. The Zanabazar Square block contains 72 characters.[5]
The Unicode block for Zanabazar Square is U+11A00–U+11A4F:
| Zanabazar Square[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+11A0x | 𑨀 | 𑨁 | 𑨂 | 𑨃 | 𑨄 | 𑨅 | 𑨆 | 𑨇 | 𑨈 | 𑨉 | 𑨊 | 𑨋 | 𑨌 | 𑨍 | 𑨎 | 𑨏 |
| U+11A1x | 𑨐 | 𑨑 | 𑨒 | 𑨓 | 𑨔 | 𑨕 | 𑨖 | 𑨗 | 𑨘 | 𑨙 | 𑨚 | 𑨛 | 𑨜 | 𑨝 | 𑨞 | 𑨟 |
| U+11A2x | 𑨠 | 𑨡 | 𑨢 | 𑨣 | 𑨤 | 𑨥 | 𑨦 | 𑨧 | 𑨨 | 𑨩 | 𑨪 | 𑨫 | 𑨬 | 𑨭 | 𑨮 | 𑨯 |
| U+11A3x | 𑨰 | 𑨱 | 𑨲 | 𑨳 | 𑨴 | 𑨵 | 𑨶 | 𑨷 | 𑨸 | 𑨹 | 𑨺 | 𑨻 | 𑨼 | 𑨽 | 𑨾 | 𑨿 |
| U+11A4x | 𑩀 | 𑩁 | 𑩂 | 𑩃 | 𑩄 | 𑩅 | 𑩆 | 𑩇 | ||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ a b Pandey, Anshuman (2015-12-03). "L2/15-337: Proposal to Encode the Zanabazar Square Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
- ^ Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). ""Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl."". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.
- ^ Bareja-Starzyńska, Agata; Byambaa Ragchaa (2012). ""Notes on the Pre-existences of the First Khalkha Jetsundampa Zanabazar according to His Biography Written in the Horizontal Square Script."". Rocznik Orientalistyczny 1.
- ^ a b "Mongolian Horizontal Square Script". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ "Unicode 10.0.0". Unicode Consortium. June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
External links
- BabelStone Fonts for Zanabazar
