Bias pengesahan

Bias pengesahan ialah kecenderungan untuk mencari, mentafsir, memihak, dan mengingat kembali maklumat dengan cara yang mengesahkan atau menyokong kepercayaan atau nilai utama seseorang.[1] Orang ramai memaparkan berat sebelah ini apabila mereka memilih maklumat yang menyokong pandangan mereka, mengabaikan maklumat yang bertentangan atau apabila mereka mentafsir bukti yang kabur sebagai menyokong sikap sedia ada mereka. Kesannya adalah yang terkuat untuk hasil yang diingini, untuk isu yang penuh emosi, dan untuk kepercayaan yang telah berakar umbi jauh ke dalam. Bias pengesahan tidak boleh disisihkan tetapi boleh diuruskan. Contohnya, melalui pendidikan dan latihan dalam kemahiran pemikiran kritis.

Lihat juga

  • iconPortal Falsafah
  • Apofenia
  • Pembelian ceri
  • Sukber membulat
  • Pemetakan (psikologi)
  • Pengurangan bias kognitif
  • Inersia kognitif
  • Bakhil kognitif
  • Penafian
  • Faham penafian
  • Kamar gema (media)
  • Kekeliruan
  • Kesan kesepakatan palsu
  • Pemikiran kumpulan
  • Kesan media seteru
  • Idée fixe (psikologi)
  • Kesan kebenaran maya
  • Teori inokulasi
  • Senarai bias kognitif
  • Kesan jangkaan pemerhati
  • Pascabenar
  • Tanggapan terpilih
  • Refleks Semmelweis
  • Kesan Woozle

Nota

Rujukan

Petikan

  1. ^ Nickerson 1998, halaman 175–220

Sumber

  • Baron, Jonathan (2000), Thinking and deciding (ed. 3rd), New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65030-4, OCLC 316403966
  • Fine, Cordelia (2006), A Mind of its Own: how your brain distorts and deceives, Cambridge, UK: Icon Books, ISBN 978-1-84046-678-2, OCLC 60668289
  • Friedrich, James (1993), "Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: a reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena", Psychological Review, 100 (2): 298–319, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.298, ISSN 0033-295X, PMID 8483985
  • Goldacre, Ben (2008), Bad science, London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 978-0-00-724019-7, OCLC 259713114
  • Hergovich, Andreas; Schott, Reinhard; Burger, Christoph (2010), "Biased evaluation of abstracts depending on topic and conclusion: Further evidence of a confirmation bias within scientific psychology", Current Psychology, 29 (3): 188–209, doi:10.1007/s12144-010-9087-5, S2CID 145497196
  • Kida, Thomas E. (2006), Don't believe everything you think: The 6 basic mistakes we make in thinking, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, ISBN 978-1-59102-408-8, OCLC 63297791
  • Koehler, Jonathan J. (1993), "The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56: 28–55, doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1044
  • Kunda, Ziva (1999), Social cognition: Making sense of people, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-61143-5, OCLC 40618974
  • Lewicka, Maria (1998), "Confirmation bias: Cognitive error or adaptive strategy of action control?", dalam Kofta, Mirosław; Weary, Gifford; Sedek, Grzegorz (penyunting), Personal control in action: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms, Springer, m/s. 233–255, ISBN 978-0-306-45720-3, OCLC 39002877
  • MacCoun, Robert J. (1998), "Biases in the interpretation and use of research results" (PDF), Annual Review of Psychology, 49: 259–287, doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.259, PMID 15012470
  • Mahoney, Michael J. (1977), "Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1 (2): 161–175, doi:10.1007/BF01173636, S2CID 7350256
  • Nickerson, Raymond S. (1998), "Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises", Review of General Psychology, 2 (2): 175–220, doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175, S2CID 8508954
  • Oswald, Margit E.; Grosjean, Stefan (2004), "Confirmation bias", dalam Pohl, Rüdiger F. (penyunting), Cognitive illusions: A handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory, Hove, UK: Psychology Press, m/s. 79–96, ISBN 978-1-84169-351-4, OCLC 55124398
  • Plous, Scott (1993), The psychology of judgment and decision making, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-050477-6, OCLC 26931106
  • Poletiek, Fenna (2001), Hypothesis-testing behaviour, Hove, UK: Psychology Press, ISBN 978-1-84169-159-6, OCLC 44683470
  • Risen, Jane; Gilovich, Thomas (2007), "Informal logical fallacies", dalam Sternberg, Robert J.; Roediger III, Henry L.; Halpern, Diane F. (penyunting), Critical thinking in psychology, Cambridge University Press, m/s. 110–130, ISBN 978-0-521-60834-3, OCLC 69423179
  • Vyse, Stuart A. (1997), Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513634-0, OCLC 35025826
  • Wason, Peter C. (1960), "On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task", Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12 (3): 129–140, doi:10.1080/17470216008416717, ISSN 1747-0226, S2CID 19237642

Bacaan lanjut

  • Keohane, Joe (11 Julai 2010), "How facts backfire: Researchers discover a surprising threat to democracy: our brains", Boston Globe, The New York Times
  • Leavitt, Fred (2015), Dancing with absurdity: Your most cherished beliefs (and all your others) are probably wrong, Peter Lang PublishersTemplat:ISBN?
  • Stanovich, Keith (2009), What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought (Lay), New Haven (CT): Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12385-2
  • Westen, Drew (2007), The political brain: The role of emotion in deciding the fate of the nation, PublicAffairs, ISBN 978-1-58648-425-5, OCLC 86117725

Pautan luar

  • Skeptic's Dictionary: confirmation bias – Robert T. Carroll
  • Teaching about confirmation bias – class handout and instructor's notes by K.H. Grobman
  • Confirmation bias at You Are Not So Smart
  • Confirmation bias learning object – interactive number triples exercise by Rod McFarland for Simon Fraser University
  • Brief summary of the 1979 Stanford assimilation bias study – Keith Rollag, Babson College

Templat:Biases Templat:Conspiracy theories