Warekena language
Arawakan language spoken in Brazil and Venezuela
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua baniva de Maroa]]; see its history for attribution. - You may also add the template
{{Translated|pt|Língua baniva de Maroa}}to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
| Warekena | |
|---|---|
| Baniwa of Maroa Baniwa of Guainía | |
| Guarequena | |
| Native to | Brazil, Venezuela |
Native speakers | 650 (2001–2006)[1] ca. 200 (1999)[2] |
Language family | Arawakan
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gae |
| Glottolog | guar1293 |
| ELP | Guarequena |
Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.
There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).
Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.
Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cen. | lat. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | ts | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | dz | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ʂ | ||||||
| voiced | ʐ | |||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ | ɺ | |||||
| trill | r | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Low | a |
Grammar
Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.[3]
AVO:
wa-hã
then-PAUS
waʃi
jaguar
yutʃia-hã
kill-PAUS
ema
tapir
wa-hã waʃi yutʃia-hã ema
then-PAUS jaguar kill-PAUS tapir
"Then the jaguar killed the tapir" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
VSo:
ʃupe-hẽ
many-PAUS
ʃiani-pe
child-PL
ʃupe-hẽ ʃiani-pe
many-PAUS child-PL
"Children are many" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
SaV:
peya
one
nu-yaɺitua
1sg-brother
wiyua
die
peya nu-yaɺitua wiyua
one 1sg-brother die
"One of my brothers dies"
SioV:
nu-yue
1sg-for
mawali
hungry
nu-yue mawali
1sg-for hungry
"I am hungry"
Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.
References
- ^ Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
- ^ a b Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439. doi:10.1515/9783110822120. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
- ^ Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva (PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.
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languages
| Arawakan | |
|---|---|
| Arawan | |
| Cariban | |
| Panoan | |
| Macro-Jê | |
| Nadahup | |
| Tupian | |
| Chapacuran | |
| Tukanoan | |
| Nambikwaran | |
| Others |
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