Samar Mubarakmand

Pakistani nuclear physicist (born 1942)

Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
ڈاکٹر ثمر مبارک مند
Mubarakmand in 1998
Born (1942-09-17) 17 September 1942 (age 81)
Rawalpindi, Punjab,
NationalityPakistani
Alma materGovernment College University
University of Oxford
Known forNuclear deterrence / Atomic program
Integrated missile program
Experimental Nuclear Physics / Nuclear Structure
Gamma ray spectrometer / Fast Neutron Physics
SpouseKhalida Samar
AwardsNishan-e-Imtiaz (2003)[1]
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1992)
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear Physics
InstitutionsPakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Government College University
Planning Commission
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
Doctoral advisorD. H. Wilkinson

Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ثمر مبارک مند; b. 17 September 1942; NI, HI, SI, FPAS) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator.[2]

His career is noted as being Pakistan's premium diagnostics scientist on nuclear weapons and eventually led as a test director for nuclear weapons testing in Ras Koh Range in Balochistan in Pakistan in 1998.[3]

Prior to that, he was the lead scientist on Pakistani military's Hatf Program, which he oversaw the development of Shaheen and the Babur programs, as Chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (Nescom) from 2001 until 2007. His career in the government continued when he was appointed as a science adviser in the federal Government of Pakistan to assist the Thar coalfield project. He is heading the Mineral Exploration work in district Chiniot as Chairman, Board of Directors Punjab Mineral Company, (Mines & Minerals Department) Government of Punjab. [4][5]

Biography

Early life and education

Samar Mubarakmand was born in Rawalpindi on 17 September 1942 to a Punjabi family from Hoshiarpur, East Punjab.[4] He gained his education in Lahore and matriculated from St. Anthony's High School in 1956.[4] After passing the university entrance exams, he enrolled at Government College University (GCU) where he studied physics under Tahir Hussain.[6] In 1960, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in physics with a concentration in experimental physics and a minor in mathematics.[7] During his college years, Mubarakmand was an avid swimmer and represented GCU at the National Games of Pakistan.[7]

He conducted research in experimental physics under Hussain and built an experimental apparatus for his master's thesis.[7] His thesis contained detailed work on gamma ray spectrometry and performed an experiment that was witnessed by nuclear physicist Denys Wilkinson as part of his master's program.[7] Wilkinson spoke highly of his work and invited Mubarakmand to visit Oxford University in the United Kingdom to resume studies in experimental physics.[7]

In 1962, Mubarakmand gained a Master of Science (MSc) in physics after publishing his thesis, "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer," under Hussain.[2] In 1962, he joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and gained a scholarship to study at Oxford University. Recommended by Wilkinson, he was admitted there and joined the group led by Wilkinson.[7] At Oxford Mubarakmand participated in preparing a 22 million volt particle accelerator and was part of the team that commissioned it.[8]

During his time at Oxford, Mubarakmand learned about linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one.[8] Apart from studying, Mubarakamand played cricket and fast bowled for the Oxford University Cricket Club.[7] In 1966, Mubarakmand completed his doctoral thesis under Wilkinson and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in Experimental Nuclear Physics.[9][10][11]

On his return to Pakistan, he joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. From the experience he gained in the use of high energy accelerators, he converted a neutron generator available with PAEC, to study nuclear structure and fast neutron scattering.


Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

In the period 1966 to 1974, he advanced his research in fast neutron induced reactions and creation of experimental techniques for accurate neutron spectroscopy. This effort resulted in several publications in the Journals “Nuclear Physics” and “Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods” North Holland publications.[12]

From 1974 to 1977, he was posted as Director at Center for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP) at Government College University Lahore on temporary attachment. During his tenure as Director, he developed deep interest in the applications of Solid-State Track Detectors. He presented his work at an International Conference held at the Max Planck Institute, Munich, in 1976.[13] [14]

During the three-year period from 1977 to 1980, Dr. Mubarakmand had the opportunity of working on applications of different lasers and separation of isotopes of sulfur in sulfur hexafluoride. Dr. Mubarakmand pioneered an expertise in transmission of Fast Signals through Optical Fibers avoiding external interference from electromagnetic radiations on data transmission. This later led to the adoption of wide applications of Fiber Optic technology in communications throughout the country.[15]

1971 War and Atomic Bomb Project

In the decade of the 80’s, when PAEC was busy in developing several designs of nuclear devices, it was felt that these designs would have to be ratified through Cold Tests. Samar Mubarakmand, an experimental physicist was known for his expertise in the field of fast neutron spectrometry.

During his research in nuclear structure for his D.Phil. at Oxford, Mubarakmand developed and refined the technique for spectroscopy of fast neutrons released during the nuclear reactions under his study. This technique has direct applications in carrying out the cold tests of nuclear devices.

Dr. Mubarakmand, therefore, was Munir Khan, Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission’s first choice, to appoint him as head of the Diagnostic Group.[16]

My eyes were set on the mountain in which the test was to be conducted. I experienced a halt in my heartbeat on seeing nothing happening after 32 seconds. But all of a sudden it was a big jolt! We had triumphed....!

— Samar Mubarakmand's describing the blast yield in 1998., Cited source[17]

In 1978, Mubarakmand built a linear particle accelerator at PINSTECH to conclude solutions in the neutron generator.[18] He later witnessed the establishment of domestically developed supercomputer facilities at PINSTECH to help conduct the subcritical testing.[18] Due to his foremost experience in experimental physics, Mubarakmand was appointed director of the Diagnostic Group– a secretive division at PAEC that was charged with conducting experimental tests of atomic weapons and responsible for the countdown of the detonation process.[19] A comprehensive work of civil engineering that took place for potential tests sites was completed in a span of five to six years. A milestone was reached on 11 March 1983 when Mubarakmand led the testing teams to supervise the secretive Kirana-I, their first 'cold' test.[20] Although the countdown and experiment was supervised by Mubarakmand, the blast effect was eventually determined by the Theoretical Physics Group.[21]

In 1987, Mubarakmand was posted at the secretive Directorate for Technical Development (DTD)— a secret directorate that developed the explosive lenses and triggering mechanism for the fission weapon.[19] He collaborated with Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi and Zaman Sheikh. He once described them: "These (Engineering) people at DTD were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost."[18] After a 3-dimensional geological survey was completed in 1978, Mubarakmand first visited the Chagai Hills in 1981 with Ishfaq Ahmad and other scientists from divisions.[22] In 1998, he was appointed as Member (Technical) at PAEC, and guided the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on experimental physics and test preparations.[22] Mubarakmand assisted the government in evaluating the Pokhran-II tests conducted by India in 1998 and supervised test preparations at the Chagai. At the National Security Council's Cabinet Committee on National Security, Mubarakmand backed Abdul Qadeer Khan's strong advocacy for conducting the tests, immediately calling for the decision to test.[23] On 19–20 May 1998, Mubarakmand led some 140 experimental physicists to oversee the preparations in Chagai, Balochistan, Pakistan where he personally supervised the complete assembly of all five nuclear devices.[23] Mubarakmand walked a total of 5 km back and forth in the hot tunnels checking and re-checking the devices and cables which would be forever buried under the concrete.[23] On 28 May 1998, Mubarakmand led the countdown of the tests, codename Chagai-I.[22] Samar Mubarakmand was called by PM Nawaz to Prime Minister House just after India conducted Pokhran II and PM Nawaz asked him the status of preparedness of Pakistan and (Mubarakmand) assured Prime Minister Nawaz that scientists were ready and Pakistan could go for its first nuclear test.

On 30 May 1998, Ishfaq Ahmad cleared[clarification needed] with the Prime Minister, and Mubarakmand led the very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's plutonium fission weapon – codename Chagai-II.[20][24]

In 2005, Mubarakmand eulogised his memories in an interview with Hamid Mir's Capital Talk television show and said:

I visited the first weapon-testing laboratories (WTL) at (Chagai District) for the first time in 1981.... When the science experiments were to be conducted, our science teams went there on 20th May, and again on 28th May, in the early morning, the WTL iron-steel tunnels were (electronically) plugged in and the preparation for the tests' experiments were complete, and on 28th May, around 15:15hrs, was the time selected for testings. So, at that time, at around 14:45hrs, some of our high profiled guests arrived to witness the (science) experiments that were soon to be tests, and Qadeer Khan was also one of them.... It was the first visit of his life to any of Chagai's Weapon-testing laboratories. (Abdul Qadeer) came at the invitation of the Chairman of the PAEC, Ishfaq Ahmad, and (Abdul Qadeer) arrived 15 minutes prior to the (science) experiments that were to be conducted...

— Samar Mubarakmand, commenting on Abdul Qadeer Khan's role in atomic bomb project, [20][24]

Recalling Munir Ahmad Khan and PAEC's role and its relation to the atomic bomb project priority dispute, Mubarakmand later said that:

As many as nineteen steps were involved in the making of a nuclear weapon ranging from exploration of uranium to the finished device and its trigger mechanism.The technological and manpower infrastructure for eighteen out of these nineteen steps were provided by PAEC under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan who led it for nearly two decades from 1972 to 1991. Today all the major key scientific organizations linked to the country's security like PAEC, the Kahuta Research Labs and the strategic production complex were run and operated by Pakistani professionals produced by the policies of PAEC both under him and Usmani of producing indigenous trained manpower. Pakistan's nuclear capability was confirmed the day in 1983 when PAEC carried out cold nuclear tests under the guidance and stewardship of Munir Ahmad Khan. The tests however, were not publicly announced because of the international environment of stiff sanctions against countries, which sought to acquire nuclear capability....

— Samar Mubarakmand, Eulogizing Munir Khan's and PAEC's role on the development of the atomic bomb project, [25]

Government work and political advocacy

Space programme

In 1990s, Mubarakmand took special initiatives in the advancement of the space program and led a team of engineers to successfully develop the Shaheen-I missile.[26] He was the founding director of the National Defence Complex (NDC) bureau that initiated the work on the Shaheen-I and gathered support for the program.[27] Necessary funding for the program was secured by the military. Mubarakmand oversaw the development of the solid-fuel rocket booster.[27] Initiated in 1987 by the Pakistan Ministry of Defence in response to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, Pakistan's spin-off missile program was aggressively pursued by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993.[27] The Shaheen-I missile was successfully test fired in 1999 by a team of engineers led by Mubarakmand.[27] Key strategic weapon systems, such as the Babur and Ghaznavi missiles, were also built by his team.[28]

In 2008, Mubarakmand joined the Planning Commission of Pakistan where he strongly advocated for peaceful usage of their space program. In 2009, he revealed the work on Paksat-1R, the nation's first geostationary satellite that was launched in 2011.[29]

The satellite was described as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and quoted that there were sufficient funds for the defence, nuclear and space programs.[30] The satellite was launched in 2011 from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China.[31] His relations with Abdul Qadeer Khan often remained tense over several scientific issues. He sees Mubarakmand as "no authority over materials as he is an expert on electromagnetism."[32]

Thar Coal project

In 2013, Mubarakmand assisted the Provincial Government of Balochistan in mineral extraction.[33] He lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Thar coal project initiated by the Provincial Government of Sindh despite strong public criticism by Abdul Qadeer Khan, which described it as "intellectual dishonesty".[32] In 2015, a breakthrough in the Thar coal project was reported by the media.[5] According to Dr Samar, a massive coal reserve in Thar can provide affordable power for the next 600 years. When speaking to a large crowd at Cadet College Fateh Jang, he said that he had developed a solution to the growing power outage and was now waiting for the government to put it into action. [1]

Misstatements

The Tethyan Cooper Company (TCC) has approached the High Court of Justice in the British Virgin Islands for the enforcement of the $5.97 billion award against Pakistan by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the Reko Diq case in Dec-20.[34]

A senior official revealed that the "misstatement" of scientist, Dr Samar Mubarakmand before the Supreme Court tribunal, in 2011, was one of the main reasons behind the Supreme Court Decision On 7 January 2013, when a three-member bench of the apex court, headed by then Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared Chejva "illegal, void" and non-binding, causing ICSID slapping the heavy penalty on Pakistan. Dr Samar had claimed that the Reko Diq gold mines would fetch the country around $2.5 billion annually. He had also maintained Reko Diq and other gold reserves in the country will bring in $131 billion to the national exchequer. The tribunal relied on his statement.[35] [36] [37]

[34]

State honours

Mubarakmand has been conferred with state honors for his services to the country by the Government of Pakistan. He is the recipient of the: Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993); Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998); and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003), which is the highest civil honor of Pakistan.[4][38] In addition, he is a Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), inducted by Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad in 2000.[4]

Scientific journals and papers

Conference papers

  • "A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear Emergence", Samar Mubarakmand, Khalil Qureshi, Masoor Beg, Masud Ahmad.

Research publications

  • Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH.
  • Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
  • Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to 86Rn and 232 Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977).
  • Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the + particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
  • Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (4NH)2HF, NaOH and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Awards for civilians announced". Dawn. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b Butt, N.M. (25 August 2002). "Nuclear Radiation & Nuclear Science & Technology in Pakistan". Debrecen, Hungary: N.M. Butt international Congress on Radiation Education. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  3. ^ Sheikh, F.D. (9 July 2009). "The galaxy of Pakistani scientists:Eminent scientists in the field of Physics; Dr Samar Mubarakmand". F.D. Sheikh. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Samar Mubarakmand". Pakistan Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  5. ^ a b Kiani, Khaliq (4 June 2015). "Breakthrough in coal power". Dawn News, Kiani. Dawn News. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  6. ^ Asim, Khalid Mahmood. "Famous Scientists". Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Hassan, Osama. "An Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". Nust Science Society. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b Planning Commission (26 December 2008). "Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (N.I, H.I, S.I)". Islamabad Pakistan: Computer Center of Planning Commission of Pakistan. Planning Commission. p. 1. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  9. ^ Shaikh, F.D. "The galaxy of Pakistani scientists". Special report, Jang. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  10. ^ "Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". Pakistan Herald.
  11. ^ Nust Science Society, 2012 (29 August 2012). "Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". Nust Science Society, 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ {{8. a) A Fast Neutron Time-of-Flight Spectrometer - S. Mubarakmand, N.A. Khan and P.K.Maher - Nuclear Instruments and Methods 86 (1970) 149-155 b) Neutron Detection Efficiency of an Organic Scintillator - S. Mubarakmand and M. Anwar - Nuclear Instruments and Methods 93 (1971) 515-518 c) Aspects of α-Emission from the Bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7 MeV Neutrons - N.A Khan, S. Mubarakmand and Mahmud Ahmad - Nuclear Physics A202 (1973) 123-126 d) Cross-Section Measurements with a Neutron Generator - S. Mubarakmand, M. Ahmad, M. Anwar and M.S. Chaudhry - Nuclear Instruments and Methods 115 (1974) 345-347}}
  13. ^ {{9.a) Absolute Determination of Uranium Concentration in Rocks by Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy S. Mubarakmand, Parvez Chaudhary and F.I. Nagi Nuclear Instruments and Methods 140 (1977) 133.135 b) Application of Glass Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors in the Measurement of the Charged Particle Fission Cross-Section of Uranium - S. Mubarakmand, Khalid Rashid, Parvez Chaudhary and Hameed A. Khan Nuclear Instruments and Methods 147 (1977) 279-281 c) Etching of Glass Sold State Nuclear Track Detectors in Aqueous Solutions of (NH4) HF2, NaOH and KOH - Hameed A. Khan, R.A. Akber, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and S. Mubarakmand Int. Journal on Applied Radiation and Isotopes. Vol. 29 (1978) pp.229-232. d) Some Characteristic Differences Between the Etch Pits due to Radon and Thoron Alpha Particles in CA80-115 and LR-115 Cellulose Nitrate Track Detectors - S. Mubarakmand Int. Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 1977, Vol. 28, pp 727-731}}
  14. ^ {{10.a) New Etchants for Soda Lime Glass Track Detectors Hameed A. Khan, R.A Akber, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and S. Mubarakmand Proceedings of 9th Int. Conf. on SSNTD (Munich 1976) edited by F. Granzfer, E. Schopper, Pergamon Press (1978) b) The use of CA80-15 and LR-115 Cellulose Nitrate Track Detectors for Discrimination Between Radon and Thoron. H.A. Khan, R.A Akber, A. Waheed, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhry, S. Mubarakmand and F.I. Nagi. - Proceedings of 9th Inter. Conf. on SSTND (Munich 1976) edited by F. Granzer, E. Schopper and H.G Paretzche, Pergamon Press (1978) c) The Measurement of Helium-Ion-Induced Fission Cross-Section of Uranium by Glass Track Detectors - S. Mubarakmand, P. Chaudhry, K. Rashid, R.A. Akber and H.A Khan - Proceedings of 9th Inter. Conf. on SSTND (Munich 1976) edited by F. Granzer, E. Schopper and H.G Paretzche, Pergamon Press (1978)}}
  15. ^ Template:11.Citation–“Transmission of Fast Interference Free Signals Through Optical Fibers. Award of Sitara-i-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan 1992 to Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
  16. ^ {{12. Pakistan's Pathway to the Bomb - Ambitions, Politics, and Rivalries-Georgetown University Press (2022), Chapter 8, “The Cold Tests: Taking the Gadget for a Ride” Page 194, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed}}
  17. ^ (NPT), Nazari-a-Pakistan. "Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand". Khalid Mahmood Asim. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust and Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu). Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  18. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ a b Khan (2012, pp. 185–186)
  20. ^ a b c Hamid Mir (3 May 2004). "Geo TV Capital Talk Special: Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand". PakDef, Hamid Mir. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  21. ^ Khan (2012, pp. 191–192)
  22. ^ a b c "pakistan became a nuclear state in 1983-dr. samar", the nation,(islamabad) may 2, 2003 accessed on august 6, 2009". Arms control. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  23. ^ a b c Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (3 June 2000). "When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai". RMS Azam, Defence Journal. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  24. ^ a b Hamid Mir (3 May 2005). Capital Talk: Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Television production). Islamabad, Pakistan: Geo News.
  25. ^ Mubarakmand, Samar (6 August 2009). "Pakistan Became a Nuclear State in 1983". The Nation.
  26. ^ NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiative; Lexis-Nexis. "See: 17 December 2003 (Pakistan to Test Latest Engine for Ghauri IV Missile)". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  27. ^ a b c d Khalid, Hanif (19 April 1999). "How Shaheen Was Developed". Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  28. ^ Samar Mubarak Mand (2006). Samar Mubarakmand- Babur Cruise Missile (TV-Series). Islamabad: Geo TV.
  29. ^ The Staff Reporter (18 August 2009). "Pakistan's first satellite to be launch on April 2011: Dr. Samar". The News International. Islamabad: The news international. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  30. ^ "Launch Vehicles: Pakistan Shaheen-III Space Booster Development". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  31. ^ APP (11 August 2011). "Pakistan's First Communications Satellite PakSat-1R Launched". Dawn, 2011. Dawn. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  32. ^ a b "Dr. Samar's intellectual dishonesty ruins Thar Coal Project: Dr. Qadir". The News Tribe. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  33. ^ "Balochistan set to undertake Reko Diq project". The Nation. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  34. ^ a b "Mining firm moves Virgin Islands court for enforcement of Reko Diq award against Pakistan". Dawn News. Dawn News. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  35. ^ "Reko Diq case:Ex-CJP's verdict costs Pakistan $6b". The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune. 14 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  36. ^ "Reko Diq mines: Pakistan can earn $2b a year, scientist tells court". The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  37. ^ "Magic mountains: The Reko Diq gold and copper mining project". Herald. The Express Herald. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  38. ^ Asim, Khalid Mahmood. "Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand". Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu). K.M. Asim. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2016.

Biographical annotations

*Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0804784801. Retrieved 2 June 2015.

External links

  • Samar Mubarakmand
  • http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28142/1/people11_12-99
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20090507090152/http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/PL/News/VisitDrSamar110209.html
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