Saimiri annectens

Extinct species of new world monkey

Saimiri annectens Temporal range: Middle Miocene (Laventan) ~13.8–11.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Conservation status
Extinct
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cebidae
Genus:	Saimiri
Species:	†S. annectens
Binomial name
†Saimiri annectens Kay & Meldrum 1997
Synonyms
Laventiana annectens Rosenberger et al. 1991 Neosaimiri annectens Kay & Meldrum 1997

Saimiri annectens, originally described as Laventiana annectens and later as Neosaimiri annectens, is an extinct species of New World monkey in the genus Saimiri (squirrel monkeys) from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colombia.^[1]

Etymology

The former genus name Laventiana refers to the La Venta site where the fossils have been found. The species epithet annectens is derived from the Latin words ad-, "towards" and nectens, "tying" or "connecting", in reference to the fossil's phylogenetic implications.^[2]

Description

Fossils of Saimiri annectens, earlier described as Neosaimiri annectens and originally as Laventiana annectens,^[1] were discovered at the Masato Site in the upper redbeds of the Villavieja Formation, that has been dated to the Laventan, about 13.5 Ma.^[3]

It was described as an intermediate between squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) and callitrichines (marmosets and tamarins) in the morphology of the lower molars, mandible, and talus.^[4] Saimiri annectens is, described as Laventiana annectens according to Rosenberger et al., closely related to Saimiri and to Cebus (capuchin monkeys), yet resembled the probable callitrichine morphotype, demonstrating that archaic relatives of a Saimiri-like stock were suitable structural ancestors for the enigmatic callitrichines. Saimiri annectens is described as more primitive than Saimiri fieldsi from the same fauna, further increasing the likelihood that the latter is a lineal ancestor of modern squirrel monkeys.^[5]

The lower molars of the fossil Saimiri resemble those of Dolichocebus, from Argentina.^[6] An estimated body mass of 605 to 800 grams (1.334 to 1.764 lb) has been suggested for Saimiri annectens.^[7]^[8]

Evolution

The evolutionary split in New World monkeys between Cebus and Saimiri has been estimated at 16.7 Ma.^[9]

Habitat

The Honda Group, and more precisely the "Monkey Beds", are the richest site for fossil primates in South America.^[10] It has been argued that the monkeys of the Honda Group were living in habitat that was in contact with the Amazon and Orinoco Basins, and that La Venta itself was probably seasonally dry forest.^[11] From the same level as where Saimiri annectens has been found, also fossils of Cebupithecia, Micodon, Mohanamico, and Stirtonia tatacoensis have been uncovered.^[12]^[13]^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b Saimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
^ Rosenberger & Setoguchi, 1991, p.2138
^ Rosenberger & Setoguchi, 1991, p.2137
^ Defler, 2004, p.32
^ Rosenberger & Setoguchi, 1991, p.2139
^ Tejedor, 2013, p.24
^ Pérez et al., 2013, p.9
^ Silvestro et al., 2017, p.14
^ Takai et al., 2001, p.304
^ Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.3
^ Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015, p.520
^ Luchterhand et al., 1986, p.1753
^ Wheeler, 2010, p.133
^ Setoguchi et al., 1986, p.762

Bibliography

Defler, Thomas. 2004. Historia natural de los primates colombianos, 1–613. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Luchterhand, Kubet; Richard F. Kay, and Richard H. Madden. 1986. Mohanamico hershkovitzi, gen. et sp. nov., un primate du Miocene moyen d' Amerique du Sud. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 303. 1753–1758. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Lynch Alfaro, Jessica W.; Liliana Cortés Ortiz; Anthony Di Fiore, and Jean P. Boubli. 2015. Special issue: Comparative biogeography of Neotropical primates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 82. 518–529. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Pérez, S. Iván; Marcelo F. Tejedor; Nelson M. Novo, and Leandro Aristide. 2013. Divergence Times and the Evolutionary Radiation of New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An Analysis of Fossil and Molecular Data. PLOS One 8. 1–16. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Rosenberger, Alfred L., and Walter Carl Hartwig. 2001. New World Monkeys. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences _. 1–4. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Rosenberger, A.L.; T. Setoguchi, and W.C. Hartwig. 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Setoguchi, Takeshi; Nobuo Shigehara; Alfred L. Rosenberger, and Alberto Cadena G. 1986. Primate fauna from the Miocene La Venta, in the Tatacoa Desert, Department of Huila, Colombia. Caldasia XV. 761–773. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Silvestro, Daniele; Marcelo F. Tejedor; Martha L. Serrano Serrano; Oriane Loiseau; Victor Rossier; Jonathan Rolland; Alexander Zizka; Alexandre Antonelli, and Nicolas Salamin. 2017. Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data, 1–32. _; Accessed 2017-09-24.
Takai, Masanaru; Federico Anaya; Hisashi Suzuki; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. Anthropological Science, Tokyo 109.4. 289–307. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Tejedor, Marcelo F. 2013. Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de La Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-09-24.
Wheeler, Brandon. 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness. Primates 51.2. 131–138. Accessed 2017-09-24.

Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.

Paleontology in Colombia

Notable
researchers

After 1900	Brieva Cadena Etayo Hammen Hettner Hoffstetter Jaramillo Páramo De Porta Villarroel
19th century	Cuvier Humboldt

Major
fossiliferous
stratigraphic units

Pleistocene	Sabana Fm. Tibitó Soatá Fm.
Neogene	Barzalosa Fm. Castilletes Fm. Honda Group La Venta Jimol Fm. Uitpa Fm. Ware Fm.
Paleogene	Bogotá Fm. Cerrejón Fm. Cerrejón
Cretaceous	La Frontera Fm. Hiló Fm. Hondita Fm. Oliní Gp. Paja Fm.
Jurassic	Arcabuco Fm. Valle Alto Fm.
Devonian	Cuche Fm. Floresta Fm.

Notable fossils

Pleistocene	Gomphotheres Megatherium
Honda Gp.	Anachlysictis Aramus paludigrus Balanerodus Boreostemma Cebupithecia Colombophis Dracaena colombiana Dukecynus Eunectes stirtoni Galbula hylochoreutes Granastrapotherium Gryposuchus Hilarcotherium Hoazinoides Hondadelphys Huilatherium Lagonimico Langstonia Lycopsis Micodon Miocallicebus Miocochilius Mohanamico Mourasuchus Neotamandua Nuciruptor Patasola Potamosiren Purussaurus Saimiri annectens Saimiri fieldsi Stirtonia Xenastrapotherium
Gualanday Gp.	Colombitherium
Bogotá Fm.	Etayoa
Cerrejón Fm.	Acherontisuchus Anthracosuchus Carbonemys Cerrejonemys Cerrejonisuchus Montrichardia aquatica Puentemys Titanoboa
Oliní Gp.	Eonatator
Hondita Fm.	Pachyrhizodus etayoi Yaguarasaurus
Hiló Fm.	Ammonites
Paja Fm.	Acostasaurus Callawayasaurus Desmatochelys Kronosaurus Leivanectes Leyvachelys Muiscasaurus Padillasaurus Platypterygius Sachicasaurus Stenorhynchosaurus
Arcabuco Fm.	Dinosaur tracks
Valle Alto Fm.	Flora
Cuche Fm.	Antarctilamna Asterolepis Bothriolepis Cheiracanthoides Colombialepis Colombiaspis Florestacanthus Holoptychius Pterygotus Strepsodus
Floresta Fm.	Trilobites