Index of meteorology articles

This is a list of meteorology topics. The terms relate to meteorology, the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. (see also: List of meteorological phenomena)

Part of a series on
Weather
Temperate and polar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Tropical seasons Dry season Harmattan Wet season
Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Derecho Lightning Volcanic lightning Thunderstorm Air-mass thunderstorm Thundersnow Dry thunderstorm Mesocyclone Supercell Tornado Anticyclonic tornado Landspout Waterspout Dust devil Fire whirl Anticyclone Cyclone Polar low Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Nor'easter Subtropical cyclone Tropical cyclone Atlantic hurricane Typhoon Storm surge Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Amihan Gale Sirocco Firestorm Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snow squall
Precipitation Drizzle Freezing Graupel Hail Megacryometeor Ice pellets Diamond dust Rain Freezing Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush
Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Mist Season Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Severe weather terminology Canada Japan United States Weather forecasting Weather modification
Glossaries Meteorology Climate change Tornado terms Tropical cyclone terms
Weather portal
v t e

A

• advection
• aeroacoustics
• aerobiology
• aerography (meteorology)
• aerology
• air parcel (in meteorology)
• air quality index (AQI)
• airshed (in meteorology)
• American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• American Meteorological Society (AMS)
• anabatic wind
• anemometer
• annular hurricane
• anticyclone (in meteorology)
• apparent wind
• Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
• Atlantic hurricane season
• atmometer
• atmosphere
• Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)
• Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
• (atmospheric boundary layer [ABL]) planetary boundary layer (PBL)
• atmospheric chemistry
• atmospheric circulation
• atmospheric convection
• atmospheric dispersion modeling
• atmospheric electricity
• atmospheric icing
• atmospheric physics
• atmospheric pressure
• atmospheric sciences
• atmospheric stratification
• atmospheric thermodynamics
• atmospheric window (see under Threats)

B

• baller lightning
• balloon (aircraft)
• baroclinity
• barotropity
• barometer ("to measure atmospheric pressure")
• berg wind
• biometeorology
• blizzard
• bomb (meteorology)
• buoyancy
• Bureau of Meteorology (in Australia)

C

• Canada Weather Extremes
• Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC)
• Cape Verde-type hurricane
• capping inversion (in meteorology) (see "severe thunderstorms" in paragraph 5)
• carbon cycle
• carbon fixation
• carbon flux
• carbon monoxide (see under Atmospheric presence)
• ceiling balloon ("to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level")
• ceilometer ("to determine the height of a cloud base")
• celestial coordinate system
• celestial equator
• celestial horizon (rational horizon)
• celestial navigation (astronavigation)
• celestial pole
• Celsius
• Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS) (in Oklahoma in the US)
• Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change (based in Arizona in the US)
• (Central America Hurricane of 1857: see) SS Central America (Ship of Gold)
• Central Florida Tornado of February 2007
• Certified Consulting Meteorologist
• chaos theory (see "butterfly effect" under Chaotic dynamics)
• (Chapman cycle: see) ozone-oxygen cycle
• chemtrail theory
• Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX)
• chinook wind (see "inversion smog" under Chinooks and health)
• Henry Helm Clayton
• clear-air turbulence (CAT)
• climate
• climate change
• Climate Diagnostics Center (in the US)
• climate engineering
• (climate forcing: see) radiative forcing
• Climate Group
• climate house
• climate model
• climate modeller
• Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) (in the US)
• Climate Outreach and Information Network (COIN) (British charity)
• (climate parameters, forcings and feedbacks: see) parametrization (climate)
• Climate Prediction Center (CPC)
• (climate science: see) climatology
• climate sensitivity
• (climate simulation: see) climate model
• climate surprise
• (climate techno-fix: see) climate engineering
• (climate theory: see) Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (see "climate theory" in paragraph 3 under Political views)
• (climate variability: see) climate change
• (climate warming: see) global warming
• (climate weapon: see) Weather modification (see under In the military)
• climateprediction.net (CPDN) (distributed computing project)
• climatic determinism (equatorial paradox) (see also environmental determinism)
• Climatic Regions of India
• Climatic Research Unit (at the University of East Anglia in the UK)
• (climatic zone: see) clime
• climatology
• clime (climatic zone)
• Clinton Foundation (see under Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI))
• cloud
• cloud albedo ("a measure of the reflectivity of a cloud")
• cloud base ("the lowest altitude of the visible portion of a cloud")
• cloud chamber (Wilson chamber) ("for detecting ... ionizing radiation")
• cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs) (see under Phytoplankton role)
• cloud cover
• cloud feedback
• cloud forcing (see "greenhouse effect" in paragraph 2)
• cloud forest
• (cloud formation: see) nephology
• cloud physics
• cloud seeding
• cloud street
• cloud suck
• cloudburst (see "destruction" in paragraph 2 and see "Mumbai" in paragraph 3)
• CloudSat ("a NASA environmental satellite")
• coefficient of haze (in meteorology)
• cold-core low
• cold weather boot
• cold weather rule (cold weather law) (for public utility companies)
• (coldest place on earth: see) climate of Antarctica (see under Temperature)
• coldest temperature achieved on Earth
• Colorado low
• Community Climate System Model
• continental climate
• contrail
• controlled airspace
• controlled atmosphere (for agricultural storage)
• convection (see under Atmospheric convection)
• convective available potential energy (CAPE) (in meteorology)
• convective condensation level (CCL)
• convective inhibition (CIN)
• convective instability
• convective temperature (T_c)
• Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications (CIASTA)
• Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research
• Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR)
• Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research (CICAR)
• Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS)
• Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER)
• Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS)
• Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS)
• Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)
• Cooperative Institute for Precipitation Systems (CIPS)
• Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
• Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA)
• corona (meteorology)
• COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate)
• Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT)
• Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) ("to investigate the cosmic background radiation" etc.)
• cosmic microwave background experiments
• cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) (CMBR) (CBR) (MBR)
• cosmic noise
• cosmic ray (see under Lightning)
• Cosmochemical Periodic Table of the Elements in the Solar System
• cosmochemistry
• cumulonimbus cloud (see under Effects)
• (cumulonimbus with mammatus: see) mammatus cloud
• (cumulonimbus with pileus: see) pileus (meteorology)
• cumulus castellanus cloud
• cumulus cloud
• cumulus congestus cloud
• cumulus humilis cloud
• cumulus mediocris cloud
• (cup anemometer: see) anemometer (see under Cup anemometers)
• current solar income
• cyclogenesis
• cyclone
• cyclone furnace (a type of coal combustor)
• (cyclone preparedness: see) hurricane preparedness
• cyclonic separation (method of removing particles from an air or gas stream)

D

• D region (in the atmosphere)
• Darrieus wind turbine
• dawn
• dBZ (meteorology)
• degree (temperature)
• deicing
• dendroclimatology ("extracting past climate information from information in trees")
• density altitude
• Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ)
• deposition (physics)
• (depression [meteorology]: see) low pressure area
• derecho (see also List of derecho events)
• dew
• dew point (dewpoint, T_d)
• dew point depression
• disdrometer
• downwelling
• drizzle
• drought
• dry-bulb temperature
• dry line (dew point line)
• dry punch
• dry season
• dusk

E

• Earth's atmosphere
• Earth's magnetic field
• Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL)
• economics of global warming
• Emagram
• effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans (see also Hurricane Katrina effects by region)
• effect of sun angle on climate
• Enhanced Fujita scale (EF scale)
• eolian processes
• equator (see under Equatorial seasons and climate)
• equilibrium level (EL)
• equivalent potential temperaturбe
• equivalent temperature
• European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
• European Climate Change Programme (ECCP)
• European emission standards (for motor vehicles)
• European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL)
• European windstorm
• evaporation
• evaporative cooler
• evaporative cooling
• evaporite (a mineral sediment resulting from evaporation of saline water)
• evapotranspiration (ET) (sum of evaporation and plant transpiration)
• exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (exhaust gas recycling)
• exosphere (layer of atmosphere)
• extratropical cyclone (mid-latitude cyclone)
• extreme weather
• extremes on Earth

F

• fire whirl
• firestorm
• fog
• forensic meteorology
• free convective layer (FCL)
• freezing rain
• (front [meteorology]: see) surface weather analysis
• frontogenesis
• frontolysis
• frost
• frost creep (frost heave)
• frost flowers (frost castles) (ice castles) (ice ribbons) (ice blossoms)
• frost heaving (frost heave)
• frost law
• frost line
• (frost point: see) dew point (dewpoint)
• frostbite
• Fujita scale (F scale) (for measuring tornadoes)
• fulgurite
• (full lunar eclipse: see) lunar eclipse
• full-spectrum light
• funnel cloud (related to a tornado)

G

• galactic cosmic ray (GCR)
• gale
• gale warning
• Galileo thermometer (Galilean thermometer)
• Galveston, Texas (see under Hurricane of 1900 and recovery)
• Galveston Hurricane of 1900 (in the US)
• gas balloon (see under History)
• gas flare (flare stack)
• (gas warfare: see) chemical warfare
• Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)
• glossary of climate change
• glossary of environmental science
• glossary of tornado terms
• glossary of tropical cyclone terms
• glossary of wildfire terms
• gustnado

Ge-Gk

• geomagnetic storm
• (geomagnetism: see) Earth's magnetic field
• geospatial technology (Spatial Information Technology)
• Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) (a program of the US)
• geostatistics
• geostrophic wind
• Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
• Global Forecast System (GFS)
• global warming
• greenhouse effect
• greenhouse gas (GHG)
• growing degree day (GDD)
• growing season
• gust front

H

• hail
• halo (optical phenomenon)
• haze
• heat
• (heat budget: see) radiation budget
• (heat equator: see) thermal equator
• (heat lightning: see) lightning
• heat wave
• heating degree day (HDD)
• (Heaviside layer) Kennelly–Heaviside layer (E region) (in the atmosphere)
• Heavy snow warning
• heliostat
• High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)
• high pressure area
• High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector
• high-altitude airship (HAA)
• hodograph
• humid continental climate
• humid subtropical climate
• (humidex) heat index (HI)
• humidity
• HurriQuake nail (for resisting hurricanes and earthquakes)
• (hydrologic cycle) water cycle
• hydrological phenomenon
• hydrology
• hydrosphere
• hygrometer (different from hydrometer)
• hypercane ("hypothetical class of hurricane")

I

• ice
• Ice Accretion Indicator
• ice age
• ice storm
• Ice Storm Warning
• illuminance
• impact winter
• impluvium
• in situ (see under Earth and atmospheric sciences)
• incidental radiator
• India Meteorological Department
• Indian summer
• infrared (IR) radiation (see under Meteorology)
• insolation
• instrument meteorological conditions (IMG)
• instrumental temperature record
• intentional radiator
• International Meteorological Organization (IMO)
• International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
• International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)
• inversion
• Invest (meteorology)
• ion wind (ion wind) (coronal wind)
• ionosonde (chirpsounder)
• ionosphere
• ionospheric reflection
• ionospheric sounding
• iron cycle
• irradiance
• irradiation
• isobar
• isochore (in a thermodynamic diagram)
• isodrosotherm
• isogon (meteorology)
• (isogram) contour line (level set) (isarithm)
• isohel
• isohume
• isohyet
• isohypse (in topography)
• isotherm

K

• katabatic wind

L

• Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)
• lake effect snow (a snowsquall)
• (lake surge: see) storm surge
• land hemisphere
• land lighthouse
• landspout
• lapse rate
• Lemon technique
• lenticular cloud
• level of free convection (LFC)
• life zone
• lifted condensation level (LCL)
• lifted index (LI)
• lightning
• lightning detection
• lightning prediction system
• lightning rod (lightning protector) (lightning finial)
• lightning safety
• (lightning storm) thunderstorm (T-storm) (electrical storm)
• lightvessel (lightship)
• line echo wave pattern (LEWP)
• line source ("a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation")
• (list of all-time high and low temperatures by state: see) U.S. state temperature extremes
• list of basic earth science topics
• list of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
• list of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
• list of cloud types
• list of coastal weather stations of the United Kingdom
• list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
• list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita
• list of Earth observation satellites
• list of lighthouses and lightvessels
• list of meteorological phenomena
• list of most polluting power stations
• list of named tropical cyclones
• list of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
• List of derecho events
• list of power outages
• list of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
• list of Solar Cycles (list of sunspot cycles)
• list of tornado-related deaths at schools
• list of weather instruments
• list of weather records
• Little Ice Age (LIA)
• Local storm report
• low pressure area (see same for "low-pressure cell")
• (lowest elevations: see) list of places on land with elevations below sea level
• (luminous pollution) light pollution (photopollution)
• lunar phase

M

• Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)
• magnetic storm (geomagnetic storm)
• magnetopause
• magnetosheath
• magnetosphere
• marine west coast climate (maritime climate) (oceanic climate)
• Mars Climate Orbiter
• Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (Martian Radiation Experiment) (MARIE)
• maximum parcel level (MPL)
• maximum sustained wind
• Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M)
• mean radiant temperature (MRT)
• Mediterranean climate
• medium Earth orbit (MEO) (intermediate circular orbit) (ICO)
• megathermal (macrothermal)
• melting
• mercury (element) (see "Clean Air Act" under United States)
• mercury-in-glass thermometer
• mesopause
• mesoscale convective complex (MCC)
• mesoscale convective system (MCS)
• mesoscale convective vortex (MCV)
• mesoscale meteorology
• mesocyclone
• mesohigh
• mesolow
• mesonet
• mesosphere
• mesothermal (in climatology)
• mesovortex
• Met Office (previously Meteorological Office) (the UK's national weather service)
• meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
• Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC)
• meteorology
• metrology
• Miami Tornado (of May 12, 1997)
• Miami tornadoes of 2003
• microclimate
• microscale meteorology
• Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006
• middle latitudes
• midnight
• millimeter cloud radar (millimeter wave cloud radar) (MMCR)
• misoscale meteorology
• mist
• mixed layer
• mixing ratio
• moisture
• molecular-scale temperature
• moonlight

N

• NASA Clean Air Study
• NASA Earth Observatory
• NASA World Wind (virtual globe)
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (in the US)
• National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (in the US)
• National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (in the US)
• National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) (in the US)
• National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) (in the US)
• (National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service: see) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (in the US)
• National Geomagnetism Program (in the US)
• National Hurricane Center (NHC) (in the US)
• National Map (in the US)
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (in the US)
• (National Severe Storms Forecast Center [NSSFC]: renamed) Storm Prediction Center (SPC) (in the US)
• National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) (in the US)
• National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (in the US)
• National Solar Observatory (in the US)
• National Weather Association (NWA) (in the US)
• National Weather Center (NWC) (in the US)
• National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region (at 10:11 a.m., August 28, 2005)
• National Weather Service (NWS)
• nautical almanac
• nephology
• nephoscope
• night sky
• nimbus cloud
• nitrogen cycle
• (nitrogen pollution: see) eutrophication (see under Atmospheric deposition)
• NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (NWR) (of the US)
• noctilucent cloud
• North Atlantic tropical cyclone
• North Pole
• numerical weather prediction

O

• observational astronomy (see "light pollution" in places)
• observatory (see also list of observatories)
• ocean heat content (OHC)
• Ocean Prediction Center (OHC)
• occultation
• oceanic climate
• Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
• 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
• orographic lift
• outflow boundary
• oxygen
• oxygen cycle
• ozone
• ozone depletion
• ozone depletion potential (ODP)
• ozone layer (ozonosphere layer)
• ozone-oxygen cycle

P

• Pacific decadal oscillation
• paleoclimatology
• paleomagnetism
• paleotempestology
• parts-per notation
• photovore
• planetary boundary layer (PBL)
• pluvial lake
• pneumonia front
• polar circle
• polar climate
• polar easterlies
• polar high
• polar ice cap
• (polar light: see) aurora (astronomy)
• polar low
• (polar mesospheric cloud) noctilucent cloud
• polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE)
• polar night
• polar region
• (polar reversal) magnetic polarity reversal
• polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) (nacreous cloud)
• polar vortex
• Polarization (waves) (see under Polarization effects in everyday life)
• pole shift theory
• positive streamer
• post-glacial rebound
• potential evaporation
• potential temperature
• precipitation
• pressure gradient
• pressure gradient force (PGF)
• pyrocumulus

Q

• Quantitative precipitation estimation
• Quantitative precipitation forecast
• Quasi-geostrophic equations

R

• radiance
• radiant barrier
• radiant energy
• radiation
• radiation budget
• radiation hormesis
• radiation poisoning (radiation sickness)
• radiative cooling
• radiative forcing
• radiological weapon (radiological dispersion device [RDD])
• radiosonde
• radius of outermost closed isobar
• rain
• rain fade (fading of signal by rain or snow)
• rain gauge
• rain sensor
• rain shadow
• rainbow
• rainforest
• rarefaction
• RealClimate (commentary site on climate science)
• RealSky (digital photographic sky atlas)
• relative humidity
• relative pressure
• (relief precipitation: see) orographic lift
• research balloon
• resistance thermometer (resistance temperature detector) (RTD)
• rime (frost)

S

• Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
• satellite temperature measurements
• (Sea Islands Hurricane) 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane
• sea level
• (sea level pressure) atmospheric pressure
• sea surface temperature (SST)
• severe weather
• severe weather terminology (United States)
• Skew-T log-P diagram
• sky
• skyglow
• smoke
• snow
• Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
• solar azimuth angle
• solar cell
• solar collector
• solar constant
• solar cycle
• solar eclipse
• solar flare (see under Hazards)
• solar furnace
• solar greenhouse (technical)
• solar heating
• solar maximum
• Solar Maximum Mission
• solar minimum
• solar mirror
• solar proton event
• solar radiation (solar irradiance)
• (solar storm) geomagnetic storm
• solar thermal collector
• solar thermal energy
• solar updraft tower
• solar variation
• solar wind
• solarium
• space geostrategy (astrostrategy) (geostrategy in space)
• Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)
• space weather
• (specific humidity: see) humidity (see under Specific Humidity)
• squall
• squall line
• (standard atmospheric pressure) atmospheric pressure (standard atmosphere)
• standard conditions for temperature and pressure
• storm
• storm cellar
• storm chasing
• storm drain (storm sewer) (stormwater drain)
• storm-scale
• storm surge
• storm tide
• storm track
• storm warning (see same for "storm watch")
• storm scale
• stormwater
• stratopause
• stratosphere
• Stüve diagram
• subarctic
• subarctic climate
• subtropical cyclone (see same for "subtropical depression" and for "subtropical storm")
• subtropics (see same for "subtropical" and for "subtropical climate")
• sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID)
• sudden stratospheric warming
• sun
• sun dog (sundog) (parhelion)
• sunlight
• sunshower
• sunspot (see under "Significant events")
• supercell
• surface temperature inversion
• surface weather analysis
• surface weather observation
• synoptic scale meteorology

T

• teleconnection
• temperature
• temperature extremes
• (temperature inversion) inversion (meteorology)
• temperature record
• temperature record of the past 1000 years
• tephigram
• The Weather Channel (TWC)
• The Weather Network
• thermal equator
• thermodynamic temperature
• thermometer
• thunder
• thundersnow
• thunderstorm (electrical storm)
• TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)
• TOR
• tornado
• tornado climatology
• tornado intensity
• tornado warning
• tornado watch
• tornado emergency
• tornadogenesis
• torr (symbol: Torr) (millimetre of mercury) (mmHg)
• Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
• tropical climate
• tropical cyclogenesis
• tropical cyclone (tropical storm) (typhoon) (hurricane)
• Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA)
• tropical cyclone observation
• tropical cyclone prediction model
• tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
• tropical cyclone scales
• Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere program (TOGA)
• tropical rain belt
• Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
• Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (in Indonesia)
• (Tropical Research Institute) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) (in Panama)
• Tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT)
• tropical wave (African easterly wave)
• tropopause
• troposphere
• Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES)
• tropospheric ozone
• tsunami
• Tsunami PTSD Center (Tsunami Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Center)
• tsunami warning system
• typical meteorological year

U

• U.S. state temperature extremes
• ultraviolet
• United States temperature extremes
• urban heat island (UHI)
• UV index

V

• vapor pressure
• virtual temperature
• vorticity

W

• waterspout
• water vapor
• weather
• weather forecasting
• weather front
• weather lore
• Weather Modification Operations and Research Board (US)
• Weather Prediction Center (WPC)
• weather radar
• weather satellite
• wet-bulb potential temperature
• wet-bulb temperature
• wind
• wind chill
• wind direction
• wind gradient
• wind profiler
• wind shear
• wind speed
• windcatcher
• Windscale fire
• winter storm
• Winter Storm Warning
• Winter Weather Advisory
• World Asthma Day
• World Climate Change Conference, Moscow
• World Climate Conference
• World Climate Programme
• World Climate Report
• World Climate Research Programme
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
• World Solar Challenge

Z

• Zonal wavenumber