Huayquerian

The Huayquerian (Spanish: Huayqueriense) age is a period of geologic time (9.0–6.8 Ma) within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification. It follows the Chasicoan and precedes the Montehermosan age.^[1]

Etymology

The age is named after the Huayquerías Formation in the western Cuyo Basin of northwestern Argentina that was later dated to the Montehermosan. The most complete Huayquerian fauna is found in the Cerro Azul Formation, in Buenos Aires Province also referred to as Epecuén Formation.

Formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Huayquerías Formation	Argentina	Cuyo Basin	[2][3]
Andalhuala Formation	Argentina	Santa María-Hualfín Basin	[4]
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena	Chile	Caldera Basin	[5]
Camacho Formation	Uruguay	Norte & Santa Lucía Basins	[6]
Cerro Azul Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[7][8][9]
Chiquimil Formation	Argentina	Santa María-Hualfín Basin	[4][10]
Coquimbo Formation	Chile	Tongoy Bay	[11]
Las Flores Formation	Argentina	Sierra del Tontal	[12]
Entrerriana Formation	Argentina	Chaco Basin	[note 1]
Epecuén Formation	Argentina	Claromecó Basin	[note 2]
Içá Formation	Brazil	Madre de Deus Basin	[13]
Iñapari Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[14]
India Muerta Formation	Argentina	Sierras Pampeanas	[15]
Ituzaingó Formation	Argentina	Paraná Basin	[16][17]
Kiyu Formation	Uruguay	Santa Lucía Basin	[18][note 3]
Madre de Dios Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[20]
Maimará Formation	Argentina	Eastern Argentinian Andes	[21]
Mauri Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[22]
Miramar Formation	Peru	Sechura Basin	[23]
El Morterito Formation	Argentina	Cajón Valley	[24]
Muyu Huasi Formation	Bolivia	Muyu Huasi Basin	[25]
Navidad Formation	Chile	Chilean Coast Range	[26]
Palo Pintado Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	[27]
Paraná Formation	Argentina	Chaco Basin	[17][28][29]
Pebas Formation	Brazil  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru	Amazon Basin	[30][31]
Piquete Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	[32]
Pisco Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[33][34]
Quehua Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[35]
Raigón Formation	Uruguay	Norte Basin	[36]
Rosa Pata Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[37]
Saldungaray Formation	Argentina	Buenos Aires Province	[9]
Salicas Formation	Argentina	Sierra de Velasco	[38]
Solimões Formation	Brazil	Solimões Basin	[39]
Urumaco Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[40]

Fossil content

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Cyonasua pascuali, Huayqueriana cristata	Huayquerías	[41][42]
	Australophoca changorum, Brachydelphis jahuayensis, Thalassocnus natans, Acrophoca sp., Balaenoptera sp., ?Nanosiren sp., Odobenocetops sp., Piscophoca sp., Pliopontos sp., Pontistes sp., Balaenopteridae indet., Delphinoidea indet., Istiophoridae indet., Kogiidae indet., Monachinae indet., Odontoceti indet., Phocidae indet., Phocoenidae indet., Physeteroidea indet., Xiphiidae indet.	Bahía Inglesa	[43][44] [45][46]
	Arazamys castiglionii, Kiyumylodon lecuonai, Kraglievichia paranense, Lestobradys sprechmanni, Neoglyptatelus uruguayensis, Pseudoplohophorus absolutus, Euphractini indet.	Camacho	[47][48] [49][50] [51]
	Hyperdidelphys pattersoni, Microtragulus rusconii, Neocavia pampeana, Palaeoctodon aff. simplicidens, Pampamys emmonsae, Pliolestes venetus, Reigechimys plesiodon, R. simplex, Thylacosmilus atrox, Thylamys pinei, Thylatheridium dolgopolae, T. hudsoni, Zygolestes tatei, Eumysops sp., Sparassocynidae indet.	Cerro Azul	[52][53] [54][55] [56][57]
	Eosclerocalyptus planus, Orthomyctera andina, ?Palaeocavia mawka, Cardiomys sp., Chasicotatus sp., Chorobates sp., Diadiaphorus sp., Gyriabrus sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Paedotherium sp., Paleuphractus sp., Paranamys sp., Potamarchus sp., Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., Stromaphorus sp., Tetrastylus sp., Typotheriopsis sp., Vassallia sp., Vetelia sp., Xotodon sp.	Chiquimil	[58][59]
	Balaena dubia, Notictis ortizi, Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Otaria fischeri, Palaeobalaena bergi, P. dubia, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Pontistes rectifrons, Pontivaga fischeri, Ribodon limbatus, Saurocetes argentinus, Stylocynus paranensis, Toxodon paranensis, Chironectes sp.	Entrerriana	[60][61]
	Aspidocalyptus castroi, Borhyaenidium musteloides, Chorobates villosissimus, Coscinocercus brachyurus, C. marcalaini, Cyonasua brevirostris, C. prebrevirostris, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Elassotherium altirostre, Eoauchenia cingulata, Epecuenia thoatherioides, Hemihegetotherium lazai, Macrauchenia sp., Macrochorobates scalabrinii, Macroeuphractus morenoi, Paedotherium minor, Phtoramys hidalguense, Pisanodon nazari, Plohophorus araucanus, Pseudotypotherium carhuense, Tetrastylus araucanus, Thylacosmilus atrox, Thylatheridium dolgopolae, T. hudsoni, Cardiomys sp., Eosclerocalyptus sp., Lagostomus sp., Lutreolina sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Plesiomegatherium sp., Proeuphractus sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Thylamys sp., Hydrochoeridae indet.	Epecuén	[62]
	Cardiatherium calingastaense	Las Flores	[12]
	Amazonycteris divisus	Içá	[13]
	Mionothropus cartellei	Iñapari	[63]
	"Microtragulus ameghino"	India Muerta	[15]
	?Adinotherium paranense, Amphiocnus paranense, Brachytherium cuspidatum, Cardiatherium paranense, Chasicotatus spinozai, Chlamyphractus pressulus, Comaphorus concisus, Cyonasua argentina, Dasypus neogaeus, Diadiaphorus paranensis, Dilobodon lutarius, Dinotoxodon paranensis, Eleutherocercus paranensis, Eomegatherium nanum, Eumysops parodii, Eutomodus elautus, Haplodontherium limun, Hoplophorus verus, Kraglievichia paranense, Macroeuphractus retusus, Megabradys darwini, Megalonychops primigenius, Mesopotamocnus brevirostrum, Munyizia paranensis, Neobrachytherium ameghinoi, Neobrachytherium mesopotamiense, Neoepiblema ambrosettianus, N. horridula, Neohapalops rothi, Notictis ortizi, Octomylodon aversus, Ortotherium laticurvatum, O. robustum, Oxyodontherium piramydatus, O. zeballosi, Pachynodon modicus, Palaehoplophorus antiquus, Palaeotoxodon paranensis, ?P. protoburmeisteri, ?P. virgatus, Paraglyptodon paranensis, Parahoplophorus paranensis, Paranabradys vucetichae, Paranauchenia denticulata, Philander entrerianus, Phoberomys burmeisteri, P. insolita, P. lozanoi, P. minima, P. praecursor, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Pliomorphus mutilatus, P. paranensis, P. robustus, Proeuphractus limpidus, Prolestodon antiquus, P. paranensis, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Promegatherium parvulum, P. smaltatum, Promylodon paranensis, Pronothrotherium mirabilis, Protoglyptodon primiformis, Protomegalonyx doellojuradoi, P. praecursor, Proterotherium cervioides, Protypotherium antiquum, Pseudoeuryurus lelongianus, Ranculcus scalabrinianus, Saurocetes gigas, Scalabrinitherium bravardi, S. rothii, Scirrotherium carinatum, Sphenotherus paranensis, Stenotephanos plicidens, Strabosodon acuticavus, S. obtusicavus, Stylocynus paranensis, Thylacosmilus atrox, Torcellia paranense, Toxodontherium compressum, T. reverendum, ?Trachycalyptus cingulatus, Urotherium interundatum, Xotodon doellojuradi, Xotodon foricurvatus, Zygolestes paranensis, Anatochoerus sp., ?Berroia sp., Berthawyleria sp., Briaromys sp., Cardiomys sp., Carlesia sp., Caviodon sp., Chironectes sp., Colpostemma sp., Contracavia sp., Cullinia sp., Diaphoromys sp., Doellomys sp., Drytomomys sp., Eumegamys sp., Eumegamysops sp., Gyriabrus sp., Haplostropha sp., Isostylomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Myocastor sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paradoxomys sp., Paranamys sp., Parodimys sp., Pentastylomys sp., Pliodolichotis sp., Potamarchus sp., Prodolichotis sp., Protabrocoma sp., Protomegamys sp., Pseudosigmomys sp., Pyramiodontherium sp., Strophostephanos sp., Tetrastylus sp., Trachytypotherium sp., ?Zaedyus sp., Iniidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet.	Ituzaingó	[64] [65][66] [67]
	Proeuphractus limpidus	Kiyu	[68] [note 4]
	Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, Surameryx acrensis, Sylvochoerus woodburnei, Waldochoerus bassleri	Madre de Dios	[69][70] [71][72] [73]
	Proscelidodon patrius, Sparassocynus maimarai, Xotodon maimarensis	Maimará	[74][75] [76]
	Borhyaenidium altiplanicus, Hoffstetterius imperator, Mcdonaldocnus villarroeli Trachycalyptoides achirense, , Dasypodidae indet., Hegetotheriidae indet., Lagostominae indet., Mesotheriidae indet., Nothrotheriinae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Mauri	[77]
	Balaenopteridae indet.	Miramar	[78]
	Calchaquitherium mixtum	El Morterito	[79]
	?Cardiomys sp., cf. Doellotatus sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., ?Orthomyctera sp., cf. Paleuphractus sp., Protabrocoma sp., Protypotherium sp., Pseudohegetotherium sp., cf. Sciamys sp., Dinomyidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet.	Muyu Huasi	[80]
	Paedotherium kakai	Palo Pintado	[81]
	Dioplotherium sp., Metaxytherium sp.	Paraná	[82][83]
	Koristocetus pescei, Tiucetus rosae	Pisco	[84][85]
	Cranithlastus xibiensis, Megatheriinae indet.	Piquete	[86]
	Microtypotherium cf. choquecotense, Plesiotypotherium cf. achirense, P. cf. majus, P. minus, Orthomyctera sp., Dasypodidae indet.	Quehua	[87]
	Pronothrotherium figueirasi, P. mirabilis	Raigón	[88]
	Pseudotypotherium sp., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., ?Macraucheniidae indet.	Rosa Pata	[89]
	Chasicotatus ameghinoi, C. cf. peiranoi, Chorobates villosissimus, Doellotatus cf. inornatus, D. cf. praecursor, Macroeuphractus cf. morenoi, Neophanomys biplicatus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. cf. minor, Phtoramys cf. hidalguense, P. homogenidens, Ringueletia simpsoni, Tremacyllus cf. impressus, Xenodontomys ellipticus, Acantharodeia sp., Aspidocalyptus sp., Berthawyleria sp., cf. Borhyaenidium sp., Dolicavia sp., Lagostomus sp., Neocavia sp., Palaeocavia sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Caviidae indet., Dasypodidae indet.	Saldungaray	[90][91] [92][93] [94]
	Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium cf. torresi, Lagostomus cf. pretrichodactyla, Macrochorobates scalabrinii, Neophanomys biplicatus, Orthomyctera andina, Paedotherium minor, Proeuphractus limpidus, Acantharodeia sp., cf. Cardiomys sp., Chaetophractus sp., Chasicotatus sp., Lagostomus sp., Neobrachytherium sp., Potamarchus sp., Protypotherium sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., cf. Tremacyllus sp., Hoplophorini indet., Octodontidae indet.	Salicas	[95][96]
	Abothrodon pricei, Acrecebus fraileyi, Amahuacatherium peruvium, Didelphis solimoensis, Eumegamys paranensis, Ferigolomys pacarana, Gyrinodon quasus, Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Lutreolina materdei, Mesenodon juruaensis, Mesotoxodon pricei, Minitoxodon acrensis, Neoepiblema ambrosettianus, N. horridula, Neotoxodon pascuali, Neotrigodon utoquineae, Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, Octodontobradys puruensis, Phoberomys bordasi, P. burmeisteri, P. minima, Plesiotoxodon amazonensis, Plicodontinia mourai, cf. Pomatodelphis bobengi, Potamarchus adamiae, P. murinus, P. sigmodon, Pseudoprepotherium venezuelanum, Purperia cribatidens, Ribodon limbatus, Scirrotherium carinatum, Scleromys colombianus, Solimoea acrensis, Stenodon campbelli, Telicomys amazonensis, Toxodontherium listai, Trigodonops lopesi, Urumacotherium campbelli, Xenastrapotherium amazonense, Anadasypus sp., Asterostemma sp., Cardiatherium sp., Cullinia sp., Gyriabrus sp., cf. Hapalops sp., Kraglievichia sp., Neoglyptatelus sp., Palaeotoxodon sp., Paraglyptodon sp., Paratrigodon sp., cf. Planops sp., Pliomorphus sp., Plohophorus sp., cf. Protomegalonyx sp., cf. Proterotherium sp., Pseudoprepotherium sp., Ranculcus sp., Saurocetes sp., Simplimus sp., Stirtonia sp., Tetrastylus sp., Trigodon sp., Urumacotherium sp., Cardiomyinae indet., Dasyproctidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Heteropsomyinae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Marsupialia indet., Megalonychidae indet., Molossidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Neoepiblemidae indet., Pampatheriinae indet., Pontoporiidae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Solimões	[97][98] [99][100] [101][102] [103]
	Ullumys pattoni	Las Tapias	[104]
	Eionaletherium tanycnemius, Lestodon urumaquensis, Phoberomys pattersoni, Pattersonocnus diazgameroi, Urumacocnus urbanii, Cardiatherium sp., Eumegamys sp., Hemihegetotherium sp., Ocnerotherium sp., Ribodon sp., Tetrastylus sp.	Urumaco	[105][106] [107][108] [109][110] [111]
Birds	Argentavis magnificens	Andalhualá	[112]
	Pelagornis chilensis, Spheniscidae indet.	Bahía Inglesa	[45][113]
	Argentavis magnificens, Eudromia sp.	Epecuén	[62]
	Andalgalornis sp., Devincenzia sp., Megapaloelodus sp., Phoenicopteridae indet., Phorusrhacidae indet., Rallidae indet., Rheidae indet.	Ituzaingó	[65]
	Anhinga fraileyi, A. cf. grandis, A. minuta, Phorusrhacinae indet.	Solimões	[99][100]
Reptiles	Caiman australis, C. paranensis, C. praecursor, Leptorramphus entrerrianus, Rhamphostomopsis neogaeus, Testudines indet.	Entrerriana	[60]
	Caiman australis, C. gasparinae, C. jacare, C. latirostris, C. lutescens, C. cf. yacare, Gryposuchus neogaeus, Mourasuchus arendsi, Parahydraspis paranaensis, Phrynops cf. geoffroanus, Tupinambis cf. merianae	Ituzaingó	[65][66]
	Chelonioidea indet., Crocodylia indet., Eusuchia indet.	Miramar	[78]
	Caiman cf. latirostris	Palo Pintado	[114]
	Caiman brevirostris, C. niteroensis, Charactosuchus fieldsi, C. mendesi, C. sansoai, Chelus colombianus, Chelus lewisi, Colombophis portai, C. spinosus, Gryposuchus jessei, Mourasuchus amazonensis, M. arendsi, Podocnemis bassieri, Podocnemis negrii, Purussaurus brasiliensis, Chelonoidis sp., aff. Epicrates sp., Eunectes sp., Hesperogavialis sp., cf. Paradracaena sp., Stupendemys sp., Waincophis sp., ?Brachygnathosuchus sp., Colubridae indet., ?Gavialosuchus sp., Pelomedusidae indet., Serpentes indet., Testudinidae indet.	Solimões	[99][100] [101][115]
	Melanosuchus fisheri, Mourasuchus pattersoni, Stupendemys geographicus	Urumaco	[116][117]
Fishes	Carcharodon carcharias, C. hastalis, Cosmopolitodus hastalis	Bahía Inglesa	[43][44]
	Megalodon, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharodon hastalis, Carcharias sp., Myliobatis sp.	Camacho	[118][119] [120][121]
	Lamna amplibasidens, L. serridens, L. unicuspidens, Myliobatis americanus, Odontaspis macrota, Osteophorus typus, Sargus incertus, Silurus agassizii, Sparus antiquus, Squalus eocenus, Squalus obliquidens, Solea sp.	Entrerriana	[60]
	Colossoma macropomus, Megapiranha paranensis, Cynodontidae indet.	Ituzaingó	[65][66]
	Megalodon, Carcharhinus brachyurus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharias taurus, Galeocerdo aduncus, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Hemipristis serra, Negaprion brevirostris, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena, Aetobatus sp., Dasyatis sp., Myliobatis sp.	Miramar	[78]
	Megalodon, Carcharias taurus, Carcharhinus sp., Carcharodon plicatilis, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Megascyliorhinus trelewensis, Dasyatis sp., Heterodontus sp., Sphyrna sp., Squatina sp., Ariidae indet., Holocephali indet., Rajidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Sparidae indet.	Paraná	[122]
	Phractocephalus acreornatus, Colossoma sp., Callichthyidae indet., Doradidae indet., Osteoglossidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Potamotrygonidae indet.	Solimões	[99][100]
Decapods	Homarus meridionalis	Entrerriana	[60]
Flora	Alnipollenites verus, Annulispora folliculosa, Arecipites asymmetricus, Baculatisporites comaumensis, Biretisporites potoniaei, Chenopodipollis chenopodiaceoides, C. multicavus, Cricotriporites guianensis, Cyathidites congoensis, C. minor, Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus, Deltoidospora minor, Dictyophyllidites arcuatus, D. chiquimilense, D. mortoni, Echiperiporites parviechinatus, Equisetosporites claricristatus, E. lusaticus, E. notensis, Foveotriletes microfoveolatus, Gleicheniidites senonicus, Graminidites media, Haloragacidites trioratus, Laevigatosporites ovatus, Leiotriletes regularis, Leptolepidites major, Liliacidites vermireticulatus, Malvacipollis argentina, Muricingulisporis verrucosus, Nothofagidites saraensis, Osmundacidites ciliatus, Palaeocoprosmadites zelandiae, Parsonsidites multiporus, Periporopollenites vesicus, Plicifera delicata, Podocarpidites ellipticus, P. exiguus, P. marwickii, Polycolporopollenites esobalteus, Polypodiaceoisporites simplex, P. tumulatus, Polypodiisporites speciosus, Psilamonocolpites grandis, Psilaperiporites minimus, Psilatricolporites cyamus, Reticuloidosporites tenellis, Rhoipites alveolatus, R. baculatus, R. cienaguensis, R. exiguus, R. karamuensis, R. santafesii, Rugulatisporites caperatus, Sparganiaceaepollenites delicata, Stereisporites antiquasporites, Striatricolporites gamerroi, Tetracolporopollenites megadolium, Todisporites major, T. minor, Tricolpites reticulatus, Triorites orbiculatus, Tuberculatosporites parvus, Tubulifloridites antipodica, Verrustephanoporites simplex, Gomphrenipollis sp., Klukisporites sp., Margocolporites sp., Myrtaceidites sp., Perfotricolpites sp., Reticulatisporites sp., Retistephanocolpites sp., Undulatisporites sp., Verrucingulatisporites sp.	Chiquimil	[123]
	Acrostichum palaeoaureum, Blechnum serrulatiformis, Cabomba aff. caroliniana, Caesalpinia aff. stuckerti, Cedrela fissiliformis, Ficus tressensii, Lycopodiella aff. cernua, Mayaca aff. fluviatilis, Ranunculodendron anzoteguiae, Sapium haematospermoides, Schinus herbstii, Equisetum sp.	Palo Pintado	[124][125][126]

Correlations

Huayquerian correlations in South America

Formation	Cerro Azul	Ituzaingó	Paraná	Camacho	Raigón	Andalhuala	Chiquimil	Las Flores	Maimará	Palo	Pebas	Muyu	Rosa	Saldungaray	Salicas	Urumaco	Map
Basin	Colorado	Paraná				Hualfín		Tontal	Andes	Salta	Amazon	Huasi	Altiplano	BA	Velasco	Falcón	Huayquerian (South America)
Country	Argentina			Uruguay		Argentina					Brazil  Peru	Bolivia		Argentina		Venezuela
Cardiatherium
Lagostomus
Macroeuphractus
Proeuphractus
Pronothrotherium
Pseudotypotherium
Thylacosmilus
Xotodon
Macraucheniidae
Primates
Rodents
Reptiles
Birds
Terror birds
Flora
Environments	Aeolian-fluvial	Fluvio-deltaic			Fluvial						Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvial			Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvio-deltaic	Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora
Volcanic						Yes

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

Huayquerías Formation

• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Ross D.E. MacPhee; Santiago Hernández del Pino; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Eli Amson, and Camille Grohé. 2016. Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 404. 1–76. Accessed 2018-10-01.
• Garrido, Alberto C.; Ricardo Bonini, and David L. Barbeau. 2017. Paleoambiente, edad y vertebrados de la Formación Huayquerías, Mioceno tardio, Provincia de Mendoza, Republica Argentina, 50–55. XX Congreso Geológico Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10.

Andalhuala Formation

• Candela, Adriana M., and Ricardo A. Bonini. 2017. A new guinea pig (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from northwestern Argentina: Implications for the origin of the genus Cavia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(4). e1352591. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Camacho Formation

• Fernicola, Juan C.; Andrés Rinderknecht; Washington Jones; Sergio F. Vizcaíno, and Kleberson Propino. 2018. A new species of Neoglyptatelus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Miocene of Uruguay provides new insights on the evolution of the dorsal armor in cingulates. Ameghiniana 55(3). 233–252. Accessed 2018-10-01.
• Rinderknecht, Andrés. 2011. Estudio sobre los roedores gigantes del Uruguay, Departamento de San José (Mioceno tardío-Pliocene) y sus implicancias para la sistemática y taxonomía de la familia Dinomyidae (Mammalia, Rodentia), 1–101. Universidad de la República. Accessed 2018-10-01.
• Verde, Mariano. 2002. Icnología de la formación Camacho (Mioceno tardío) del Uruguay (MSc. thesis), 1–125. Universidad de la República. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Cerro Azul Formation

• Goin, F.J.; C. Montalvo, and G. Visconti. 2000. Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina). Estudios Geológicos 56. 101–126. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Madozzo Jaén, M. Carolina; M. Encarnación Pérez; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Rodrigo L. Tomassini. 2018. Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63(2). 241–260. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Sostillo, Renata; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Diego H. Verzi. 2014. A new species of Reigechimys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from the Late Miocene of central Argentina and the evolutionary pattern of the lineage. Ameghiniana 51(4). 284–294. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Chiquimil Formation

• Esteban, G.; N. Nasif, and S.M. Georgieff. 2014. Cronobioestratigrafía del Mioceno tardío – Plioceno temprano, Puerta de Corral Quemado y Villavil, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Acta Geológica Lilloana 26. 165–192. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Madozzo Jaén, María Carolina, and María Encarnación Pérez. 2017. The most ancient caviine rodent (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) comes from the late Miocene of Northwest Argentina (South America). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 29(3). 376–383. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Martínez, Leandro C.A., and Alicia I. Lutz. 2004. Estudios preliminares de la xiloflora de la Formación Chiquimil (Catamarca), 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste - Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Mautino, Lilia R., and Luisa M. Anzótegui. s.a. Polen de la Formación Chiquimil, en la Localidad Vallecito (Mioceno Superior) Provincia de Catamarca, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Morton, L.S., and R. Herbst. s.a. Gastrópodos (Orthalicidae) de la Formación Chiquimil (Mioceno) de Villavil, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; María E. Pérez; Cecilia M. Deschamps, and Víctor H. Contreras. 2019. A new capybara from the late Miocene of San Juan Province, Argentina, and its phylogenetic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64(). 1–14. Accessed 2019-02-11.

Içá Formation

• Czaplewski, Nicholas J., and Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr.. 2017. Late Miocene Bats from the Jurua River, State of Acre, Brazil, with a Description of a New Genus of Thyropteridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia). Contributions in Science 525. 55–60. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Iñapari Formation

• Frailey, Carl D. 1986. Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre Region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science 374. 1–46. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• De Iullis, Gerardo; Timothy J. Gaudin, and Matthew J. Vicars. 2011. A new genus and species of nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae) from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) of Peru. Palaeontology 54. 171–205. .

India Muerta Formation

• García López, Daniel A., and M. Judith Barbot. 2015. A late Miocene Argyrolagidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Bonapartheriiformes) from northwestern Argentina. Ameghiniana 52. 314–323. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Ituzaingó Formation

• Brandoni, Diego. 2014. A new genus of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Argentina. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 17(1). 33–42. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Franco, María Jimena; Mariana Brea; Óscar Orfeo, and Alejandro F. Zucol. 2013. La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Flávio Góis; Alfredo E. Zurita; Alfredo A. Carlini; Laureano R. González Ruiz; Cecilia M. Krmpotic; Cristian Oliva, and Martín Zamorano. 2013. Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del "Conglomerado Osífero" (Miocene tardío) de la Formación Ituzaingó de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Publicación Especial 14. 118–134. Accessed 2018-10-01.

Madre de Dios Formation

• Frailey, Carl David, and Kenneth E. Campbell Jr.. 2012. Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin. Journal of Paleontology 86(5). 852–877. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Prothero, Donald R.; Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr; Brian L. Beatty, and Carl D. Frailey. 2014. New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics. Journal of Paleontology 88(3). 434–443. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Romero P., Lidia; María del Carmen Morales R., and Mario Carpio R. 1998. Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z, 1–201. INGEMMET. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Maimará Formation

• Abello, María Alejandra; Martín De los Reyes; Adriana Magdalena Candela; François Pujos; Damián Voglino, and Bernardino Mamani Quispe. 2015. Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia. Zootaxa 3937(1). 147–160. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Bonini, Ricardo A.; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Marcelo A. Reguero; Esperanza Cerdeño; Adriana M. Candela, and Natalia Solís. 2017. First record of Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of the southern central Andes, NW Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 91(3). 566–576. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Pujos, François; Adriana Candela; Claudia I. Galli; Beatriz L. Coiras; Marcelo A. Reguero; Martín de los Reyes, and María Alejandra Abello. 2012. The Scelidotherine Proscelidodon (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Late Miocene of Maimará (Northwestern Argentina, Jujuy Province). Ameghiniana _. 1–7. Accessed 2018-10-01.

Mauri & Muyu Huasi Formations

• Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Miramar Formation

• Isla, Federico; Matías Taglioretti, and Alejandro Dondas. 2015. Revisión y nuevos aportes sobre la estratigrafía y sedimentología de los acantilados entre Mar de Cobo y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 72. 235–250. Accessed 2019-02-12.

El Morterito Formation

• Morton, Lourdes S., and Rafael Herbst. 2007. Gastrópodos de la Formación El Morterito (Mioceno Superior), Valle del Cajón, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 9. 153–160. Accessed 2018-09-10.

Navidad Formation

• Finger, Kenneth L.; Sven N. Nielsen; Thomas J. DeVries; Alfonso Encinas, and Dawn E. Peterson. 2007. Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile. PALAIOS 22. 3–16. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Palo Pintado Formation

• Anzótegui, Luisa M., and Maricel Yarina Horn. 2011. Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14. 239–254. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Galli, Claudia Inés; Luisa Matilde Anzótegui; Maricel Yanina Horn, and Lourdes Susana Morton. 2011. Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 28. 161–174. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Adriana M. Candela; Claudia I. Galli; Ricardo Bonini, and Damián Voglino. 2015. A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina. Andean Geology 42. 56–70. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Paraná Formation

• Brea, Mariana; María Jimena Franco, and Alejandro F. Zucol. 2013. Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2018-09-03.
• Cione, Alberto Luis; Daniel Alfredo Cabrera, and María Julia Barla. 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Martín Pérez, Leandro. 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Pebas Formation

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Wesselingh, F.P.; M.C. Hoorn; J. Guerrero; M.E. Räsänen; L. Romero Pittmann, and J. Salo. 2006. The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Piquete Formation

• González Bonorino, Gustavo, and Liliana del Valle Abascal. 2012. Orogénesis y drenaje en la región del Valle de Lerma (Cordillera Oriental, Salta, Argentina) durante Pleistoceno tardio. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 127–141. Accessed 2018-10-01.

Pisco Formation

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J. 2013. Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 42. 1–12. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Báez Gómez, Diego A. 2006. Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 9. 64–69. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Bianucci, Giovanni; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2016. New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 4. e2479. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Brand, Leonard; Mario Urbina; Arthur Chadwick; Thomas J. DeVries, and Raul Esperante. 2011. A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31(4). 414–425. Accessed 2017-10-01.
• Collareta, Alberto; Olivier Lambert; Christian De Muizon; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru. Fossil Record 20(2). 259–278. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci; Mario Urbina, and Jonathan H. Geisler. 2017. A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179(4). 919–946. .
• Marx, Felix G.; Olivier Lambert, and Christian De Muizon. 2017. A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids. Royal Society Open Science 4(9). 170560. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Marx, Felix G., and Naoki Kohno. 2016. A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert. Royal Society Open Science 3(10). 160542. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Edgard Horna Santillán, and Raúl Esperante. 2009. Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú. Revista de Investigación Universitaria 1. 84–97. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Ramassamy, Benjamin; Olivier Lambert; Alberto Collareta; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2018. Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities. Fossil Record 21(1). 11–32. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro. 2018. Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis), 1–158. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Steven D. Emslie; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015a. A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35(5). e972507. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015b. New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61(2). 417–427. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Stucchi, M. 2007. Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú. 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8. 367–373. Accessed 2017-09-04.

Quehua Formation

• Baldellón P., Eddy; Michel Fornari; Félix Espinoza R., and Pierre Soler. 1994. Sucesión Estructural de la Zona Serranía de las Minas, 238–247. Memorias del XI Congreso Geológico de Bolivia. Accessed 2017-10-25.

Raigón Formation

• Tófalo, Ofelia Rita, and Héctor J.M. Morrás. 2009. Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 674–686. Accessed 2018-09-12.

Saldungaray Formation

• Verzi, Diego H.; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Cecilia M. Deschamps. 2008. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy. Geobios 41. 145–155. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Salicas Formation

• Brandoni, Diego; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Adriana M. Candela; Jorge I. Noriega; Ernesto Brunetto, and Lucas E. Fiorelli. 2012. Mammals from the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene), La Rioja Province, Northwestern Argentina: Paleobiogeography, age and paleoenvironment. Ameghiniana 49. 1–13. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Solimões Formation

• Bocquentin, Jean, and Janira Melo. 2006. Stupendemys souzai sp. nov. (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Miocene-Pliocene of the Solimões Formation, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 9. 187–192. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Carvalho, Patricia; Jean Bocquentin, and France De Lapparent de Broin. 2002. Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil. Geobios 35. 677–686. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Cozzuol, Mario Alberto. 2006. The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21. 185–203. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Kerber, Leonardo; Marcos César Bissaro Júnior; Francisco R. Negri; Jonas Pereira De Souza Filho; Edson Guilherme, and Annie Schmaltz Hsiou. 2017. A new rodent (Caviomorpha: Dinomyidae) from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30(7). 985–993. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Kerber, Leonardo; Francisco Ricardo Negri; Ana Maria Ribeiro; Maria Guiomar Vucetich, and Jonas Pereira De Souza Filho. 2016. Late Miocene potamarchine rodents from southwestern Amazonia, Brazil—with description of new taxa. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61(1). 191–203. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Urumaco Formation

• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Erin Maxwell; Órangel A. Aguilera; Rodolfo Sánchez, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2015. Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE 10(10). e0139230. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Linares, Omar J. 2004. Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard. 2005. Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Marisol Montellano Ballesteros. 2018. Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17(5). 409–421. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; H. Gregory McDonald; Andrés Solórzano; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Damián Ruiz Ramoni. 2015. A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America. Royal Society Open Science 2(2). 140256. Accessed 2019-02-13.