Honeysuckle

Honeysuckle Temporal range: Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
1. A flowering branch, 2. A fruiting branch, 3. Longitudinal section of a flower, 4. Fruit cut horizontally.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Dipsacales
Family:	Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily:	Caprifolioideae
Genus:	Lonicera L. (1753)
Type species
Lonicera caprifolium L.
Species[1]
158; see text
Synonyms[1]
Caprifolium Mill. (1754) Chamaecerasus Medik. (1789) Cobaea Neck. (1790), opus utique oppr. Devendraea Pusalkar (2011) Distegia Raf. (1838) Euchylia Dulac (1867), nom. superfl. Isika Adans. (1763) Itia Molina (1810) Kantemon Raf. (1838) Metalonicera Wang & A.G.Gu (1988) Nintooa Sweet (1830), nom. nud. Periclymenum Mill. (1754) Phenianthus Raf. (1820) Xylosteon Mill. (1754)

Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the genus Lonicera (/lɒˈnɪsərə/^[2]) of the family Caprifoliaceae. It includes 158 species^[1] native to northern latitudes in North America, Eurasia, and North Africa.^[1][3] Widely known species include Lonicera periclymenum (common honeysuckle or woodbine), Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle, white honeysuckle, or Chinese honeysuckle) and Lonicera sempervirens (coral honeysuckle, trumpet honeysuckle, or woodbine honeysuckle). L. japonica is a highly invasive species considered a significant pest in parts of North America, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa.^[3]

Some species are highly fragrant and colorful, so are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. In North America, hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers, especially L. sempervirens and L. ciliosa (orange honeysuckle). Honeysuckle derives its name from the edible sweet nectar obtainable from its tubular flowers.^[4] The name Lonicera stems from Adam Lonicer, a Renaissance botanist.^[3]

Description

Most species of Lonicera are hardy twining climbers, with a minority of shrubby habit.^[3] Some species (including Lonicera hildebrandiana from the Himalayan foothills and L. etrusca from the Mediterranean) are tender and can be grown outside only in subtropical zones. The leaves are opposite, simple oval, 1–10 cm (0.39–3.94 in) long; most are deciduous but some are evergreen.

Many of the species have sweetly scented, bilaterally symmetrical flowers that produce a sweet, edible nectar, and most flowers are borne in clusters of two (leading to the common name of "twinberry" for certain North American species). Both shrubby and vining sorts have strongly fibrous stems which have been used for binding and textiles.

The fruit is a red, blue or black spherical or elongated berry containing several seeds; in most species the berries are mildly poisonous, but in a few (notably Lonicera caerulea) they are edible and grown for home use and commerce. Most honeysuckle berries are attractive to wildlife, which has led to species such as L. japonica and L. maackii spreading invasively outside of their home ranges. Many species of Lonicera are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species—see a list of Lepidoptera that feed on honeysuckles.

Invasive species

The spread of L. japonica in North America began in the United States in 1806, and it was widely cultivated by the 1860s.^[3] It was first discovered in Canada in Ontario forests in 1976, and became invasive by 2007.^[3] L. japonica was introduced in Australia between 1820 and 1840.^[3]

Several species of honeysuckle have become invasive when introduced outside their native range, particularly in North America, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa.^[3] Invasive species include L. japonica, L. maackii, L. morrowii, L. tatarica, and the hybrid between the last two, L. × bella.^[3]

Cultivation

Honeysuckles are valued as garden plants, for their ability to cover unsightly walls and outbuildings, their profuse tubular flowers in early summer, and the intense fragrance of many varieties. The hardy climbing types need their roots in shade, and their flowering tops in sunlight or very light shade. Varieties need to be chosen with care, as they can become substantial. Cultivars of the dense, small-leaved L. nitida are used as low, narrow hedges.^[5]

The following hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:^[6]

Other cultivars are dealt with under their species names.

The honeysuckle species L. japonica is grown as a commercial crop for traditional Chinese medicine use.^[11]

Phytochemicals and sensory effects

Honeysuckle is renowned for its colorful, fragrant flowers^[12][13] and variously colored fruit, indicating the presence of complex phytochemicals underlying these properties. Component analyses of berries from 27 different cultivars and 3 genotypes of edible honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) showed the presence of iridoids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids.^[14] While sugars determine the level of sweetness in the berries, organic acids and polyphenols are responsible for the sour taste and tartness.^[14] Some 51 of the same compounds in berries are found in flowers, although the proportions of these compounds varied among cultivars studied.^[15]

Interaction with other species

Many insects in the order Lepidoptera visit honeysuckles as a food source. An example of this is the moth Deilephila elpenor. This nocturnal species of moth is especially attracted to honeysuckles, and they visit the flowers at night to feed on their nectar.^[16]

Species

158 species are accepted.^[1]

Several fossil species are known from the Miocene of Asia.^[17]

• 
  Lonicera japonica
• 
  L. ciliosa
• 
  L. japonica fruit
• 
  L. hispidula
• 
  L. sempervirens
• 
  L. tatarica
• 
  L.caprifolium, Chèvrefeuille
• 
  flower buds.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lonicera.