HDAC9

HDAC9
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1TQE
Identifiers
Aliases	HDAC9, HD7, HD7b, HD9, HDAC, HDAC7, HDAC7B, HDAC9B, HDAC9FL, HDRP, MITR, histone deacetylase 9
External IDs	OMIM: 606543 MGI: 1931221 HomoloGene: 128578 GeneCards: HDAC9
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)[1] Band 7p21.1 Start 18,086,949 bp[1] End 19,002,416 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 12 (mouse)[2] Band 12|12 A3 Start 34,097,579 bp[2] End 34,967,094 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in oocyte monocyte secondary oocyte endothelial cell parotid gland ganglionic eminence corpus callosum superficial temporal artery Achilles tendon bone marrow cells Top expressed in interventricular septum secondary oocyte Region I of hippocampus proper ascending aorta visual cortex piriform cortex left ventricle olfactory bulb lateral geniculate nucleus atrioventricular valve More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H3-K14 specific) transcription corepressor activity histone deacetylase activity protein deacetylase activity transcription factor binding histone deacetylase binding metal ion binding protein binding hydrolase activity protein kinase C binding histone deacetylase activity (H4-K16 specific) Cellular component cytoplasm histone deacetylase complex transcription regulator complex nucleoplasm nucleus histone methyltransferase complex Biological process histone H3 deacetylation peptidyl-lysine deacetylation regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis response to amphetamine negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation transcription, DNA-templated B cell activation heart development histone H4 deacetylation neuron differentiation cellular response to insulin stimulus regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development B cell differentiation inflammatory response negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated chromatin organization histone deacetylation cholesterol homeostasis negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity histone H4-K16 deacetylation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 9734 79221 Ensembl ENSG00000048052 ENSMUSG00000004698 UniProt Q9UKV0 Q99N13 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001204144 NM_001204145 NM_001204146 NM_001204147 NM_001204148 NM_014707 NM_058176 NM_058177 NM_178423 NM_178425 NM_001321868 NM_001321869 NM_001321870 NM_001321871 NM_001321872 NM_001321873 NM_001321874 NM_001321875 NM_001321876 NM_001321877 NM_001321878 NM_001321879 NM_001321884 NM_001321885 NM_001321886 NM_001321887 NM_001321888 NM_001321889 NM_001321890 NM_001321891 NM_001321893 NM_001321894 NM_001321895 NM_001321896 NM_001321897 NM_001321898 NM_001321899 NM_001321900 NM_001321901 NM_001321902 NM_001271386 NM_024124 RefSeq (protein) NP_001191073 NP_001191074 NP_001191075 NP_001191076 NP_001191077 NP_001308797 NP_001308798 NP_001308799 NP_001308800 NP_001308801 NP_001308802 NP_001308803 NP_001308804 NP_001308805 NP_001308806 NP_001308807 NP_001308808 NP_001308813 NP_001308814 NP_001308815 NP_001308816 NP_001308817 NP_001308818 NP_001308819 NP_001308820 NP_001308822 NP_001308823 NP_001308824 NP_001308825 NP_001308826 NP_001308827 NP_001308828 NP_001308829 NP_001308830 NP_001308831 NP_055522 NP_478056 NP_848510 NP_848512 NP_001258315 NP_077038 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 18.09 – 19 Mb Chr 12: 34.1 – 34.97 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Histone deacetylase 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC9 gene.^[5][6][7]

Function

Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene has sequence homology to members of the histone deacetylase family. This gene is orthologous to the Xenopus and mouse MITR genes. The MITR protein lacks the histone deacetylase catalytic domain. It represses MEF2 activity through recruitment of multicomponent corepressor complexes that include CtBP and HDACs. This encoded protein may play a role in hematopoiesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcripts have been described for this gene but the full-length nature of some of them has not been determined.^[7]

Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), a member of class II HDACs, regulates a wide variety of normal and abnormal physiological functions.

Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene has sequence homology to members of the histone deacetylase family. This gene is orthologous to the Xenopus and mouse MITR genes. The MITR protein lacks the histone deacetylase catalytic domain. It represses MEF2 activity through recruitment of multicomponent corepressor complexes that include CtBP and HDACs. This encoded protein may play a role in hematopoiesis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcripts have been described for this gene but the full-length nature of some of them has not been determined.

Research

intracranial aneurysm

HDAC9 and BCL2L11 are upregulated while miR-92a was downregulated in clinical samples and rat models of intracranial aneurysm (IA). HDAC9 inhibition or miR-92a elevation improved pathological changes and repressed apoptosis and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF and inflammatory factors in vascular tissues from IA rats. Oppositely, HDAC9 overexpression or miR-92a reduction had contrary effects. miR-92a downregulation reversed the effect of silenced HDAC9 on IA rats. HDAC9 inhibition upregulates miR-92a to repress the progression of IA via silencing BCL2L11.^[8]

Data partially confirmed earlier results and showed that variants in CDKN2B-AS1, RP1, and HDAC9 could be genetic susceptibility factors for IA in a Chinese population.^[9]

ischemic brain injury

Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) has been reported to be elevated in ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism in stroke is still enigmatic. CTCF inhibited miR-383-5p expression via its enrichment in the promoter region of miR-383-5p, whereas the miR-383-5p targeted and inhibited HDAC9 expression.^[10] In the oxygen glucose deprivation cell model and the middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model, elevation of HDAC9 is regulated by the CTCF/miR-383-5p/HDAC9 pathway mediated apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, while reduction of HDAC9 alleviated apoptosis and the symptoms of cerebral infarction in MCAO rats. Thus, the CTCF/miR-383-5p/HDAC9 pathway may present a target for drug development against ischemic brain injury 6).^[11]

HDAC9 is highly expressed in MCAO mice and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) stimulated cells. Silencing of HDAC9 inhibited neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory factor release in vitro. HDAC9 downregulated miR-20a by enriching in its promoter region, while silencing of HDCA9 promoted miR-20a expression. miR-20a targeted Neurod1 and down-regulated its expression. Silencing of HDAC9 diminished OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory factor release in vitro as well as ischemic brain injury in vivo by regulating the miR-20a/NeuroD1 signaling. HDAC9 silencing may retard ischemic brain injury through miR-20a/Neurod1 signaling.^[11]

Glioblastoma

HDAC9 is over-expressed in prognostically poor glioblastoma patients. Knockdown HDAC9 decreased proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. HDAC9 accelerated cell cycle in part by potentiating the EGFR signaling pathway. Also, HDAC9 interacted with TAZ, a key downstream effector of Hippo pathway. Knockdown of HDAC9 decreased the expression of TAZ. We found that overexpressed TAZ in HDAC9-knockdown cells abrogated the effects induced by HDAC9 silencing both in vitro and in vivo. HDAC9 promotes tumor formation of glioblastoma via TAZ-mediated EGFR pathway activation.^[12]

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

HDAC9 was suggested to contribute to developmental delay in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS) patients with 7p21 mirodeletions.^[13]

Motor innervation control of gene expression

Motor innervation controls chromatin acetylation in skeletal muscle and that histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) is a signal-responsive transcriptional repressor which is downregulated upon denervation, with consequent upregulation of chromatin acetylation and AChR expression. Forced expression of Hdac9 in denervated muscle prevents upregulation of activity-dependent genes and chromatin acetylation by linking myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and class I HDACs. By contrast, Hdac9-null mice are supersensitive to denervation-induced changes in gene expression and show chromatin hyperacetylation and delayed perinatal downregulation of myogenin, an activator of AChR genes. These findings show a molecular mechanism to account for the control of chromatin acetylation by presynaptic neurons and the activity-dependent regulation of skeletal muscle genes by motor innervation.^[14]

Interactions

HDAC9 has been shown to interact with:

See also

• Histone deacetylase

References

Further reading

External links

• HDAC9+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.