Dandabhukti
Dandabhukti (Bengali: দণ্ডভুক্তি) was an ancient and medieval territory located between the two rivers, Dwarakeswar and Subarnarekha, and situated in the Rarh region of the ancient Bengal. It covered the present-day districts of Bankura, Hooghly, Paschim Medinipur, and Purba Medinipur in West Bengal, India.[1][2]
History
The ancient Rarh region was divided into several smaller territories - Kankagrambhukti, Bardhamanbhukti, and Dandabhukti, as part of the Gupta Empire. Shashanka, the Gauda king, conquered Dandabhukti, the Utkala kingdom, and the Kangoda kingdom. In the first half of the seventh century A.D., Dandabhukti or Dandabhuktimandala rose into prominence when it was governed by Mahapratihara Shubhakirti, a vassal of Shashanka, King of Dagau. Shashanka gave the administration of Dandabhuktimandala and Utkala to Samanta-maharaja Somadatta, who was the subordinate of Shashanka. A few epigraphic records, including Shashanka's duo Midnapur copperplates, the Irda copperplates of Kamboja ruler of Bengal, and Rajendra Chola's Tirumulai engraving, all specify Dandabhukti as a distinct geopolitical region. The region was mentioned in the Ramcharita of Sandhyakar Nandi, and its ruler Jayasimha was described as a feudatory of Ramapala, the Pala ruler. The Kamboja dynasty is believed to have conquered the Bardhamanbhukti and Dandabhukti regions by exploiting the weakness of the Pala rulers in Bengal.[3] Dharmapala, the ruler of the Dandabhukti region who was banished from his lands by Rajendra Chola's quelling armed force, as recorded by the Tirumulai engraving (1021-24 A.D.), is thought to have belonged to the same line as the Kamboja Gaudapatis.[4] The Tirumalai inscription depicts the division of North Rarh and South Rarh. Dandabhukti was classified under the South Rarh. However, the topographic extent of Dandabhukti is not clear.[5] Based on the available evidence, Dandabhukti can be deduced to incorporate the southwestern part of Bengal, specifically the south and southwest areas of contemporary Midnapur District in West Bengal and parts of Balasore District in Orissa.[2] Epigraphic records belonging to the reign of Shashanka exhibit that Dandabhukti and Utkala were two distinct geographical entities, with Dandabhukti being present-day southwest Midnapur in West Bengal. But during Gopachandra's reign, Dandabhukti appears to have encompassed the territory north of the Suvarnarekha River in Balasore district as well as the area around Dantan today in Midnapur district.[6] The Dandabhukti Mandala was associated with the North-Toshali, and it incorporated the districts of Tamala-Khanda and Daksina-Khanda, as evident from the two copper plate grants to a Bhaumakara queen.[2] These two terrains are identified with Tamluk and Dakinmal, respectively, and they both were mentioned as Parganas in the Mughal records for the Midnapur region.[7] From different available sources, it turns out that the location of modern Dandabhukti was known as Danda, which is the headquarters of the Bhukti or mandala of unidentified origin. Under the reign of the Kamboja rulers of Dandabhukti Mandala, the mentioned area was included in the Bardhamanbhukti, according to the Irda Copperplate (10th Century A.D.).[2] Later, some parts of Dandabhukti were included in the territory of Utkal kings.[8] Danda in Oriya means path. There was an ancient path from Rarh (or possibly from Magadha) to Kalinga. The voyage of Rajendra Chola (11th century A.D.) to Dandabhukti through Orissa reveals the presence of interstate roads connecting the Bastar area of Madhya Pradesh with Orissa and Bengal. His army marched through Chitrakuta and passed through Binika, Sonepur in Bolangir district and following the road through eastern Keonjhar and Western Mayurbhanj, reached Dandabhukti.[9] The territory may have acquired its name from the path. Chaitanyadeva is said to have traversed this path from Nabadwipdham (Nadia) to Nilaachala Puri during the sultanate period.[2] Dandabhukti served as a connecting point between Odisha and Bengal (Radha/Rarh).[10] The name of the contemporary locality of Dantan in the territory of Paschim Midnapur bears the legacy of Dandabhukti.[1]
References
- ^ a b Ray, Nihar Ranjan, Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba, (in Bengali), 1980 edition, p. 388, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti
- ^ a b c d e Mukherjee, Sreecheta (17 December 2014). Special Issue on Dandabhukti. Aesthetics Media Services. pp. 18–27.
- ^ The Journal of Orissan History. Orissa History Congress. 1995. p. 42.
- ^ Chowdhury, Abdul Momin; Caudhurī, Ābadula Mamina (1967). Dynastic History of Bengal, C. 750-1200 A.D. Asiatic Society of Pakistan. p. 72.
- ^ Majumdar, Somreeta. "What is in the Location: A Geo-archaeological Study of the Landscape and Buddhist Monasteries of west Bengal," International Journal of Historical Insight and Research (IJHIR) , vol. 5, no. 4, 2019, p. 9.
- ^ Tripathy, Snigdha (1997). Inscriptions of Orissa: Circa 5th-8th Centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-208-1077-8.
- ^ Souvenir, Orissa Sahitya Akademi Silver Jubilee, 1982. The Akademi. 1982. p. 7.
- ^ Ghosh, Binoy, Paschim Banger Sanskriti, (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 82-86, Prakash Bhaban
- ^ Panda, Shishir Kumar (1 January 1991). Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study. Mittal Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-7099-261-5.
- ^ Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad (2019). "Trade and traders: An exploration into trading communities and their activities in early medieval Odisha". Studies in People's History. 6 (2): 136. doi:10.1177/2348448919875282. ISSN 2348-4489. S2CID 213027643.
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