Severe Tropical Cyclone Esau was the strongest tropical cyclone to affect New Caledonia on record. A shallow tropical depression developed within the monsoon trough during 24 February 1992, about 370 km (230 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next day, the system gradually developed further as it moved towards the south-west under the influence of a northerly steering flow, before it passed over Pentecost Island in northern Vanuatu during 25 February. After passing over Pentecost the system continued to move towards the southwest and passed near the island of Malampa before the depression turned northwards and executed a small clockwise loop as it passed over the island of Espiritu Santo. The system was subsequently named Esau during 26 February, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone. Over the next couple of days, the system moved south-westwards towards Australia and away from the islands of Vanuatu. Esau subsequently executed a second clockwise loop during 28 February, before it peaked as a Category 4 tropical cyclone on both the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. After it had peaked the system moved south-eastwards and threatened Southern Vanuatu, before turning southwards and threatening the French overseas territory of New Caledonia. Esau made landfall on the French territory during 4 March, as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone before degenerating into an extratropical cyclone during 5 March. The systems remnants made landfall on New Zealand's North Island during 8 March, before they were last noted during the next day over the South Pacific Ocean.
Esau caused minimal damage and one death, as it affected the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and New Zealand. The system affected the northern Vanuatu Islands between 25–27 February and 2–3 March, with heavy rain and strong winds of up to 80 km/h (50 mph) but caused no damage. Esau produced gale-force winds on the Solomon Islands of Rennell and Bellona and knocked down several banana, coconut and pawpaw trees. The system also destroyed several houses and severely flooded various taro gardens and food crops. Esau produced hurricane-force winds on New Caledonia, while extensive flooding was reported in the territory. Several roads were blocked as the system blew down trees and damaged buildings, while power and communications were also knocked out over the island. One person drowned as she tried to cross a river near Hienghene, while a young child went missing on the island of Lifou but was later found safe by local residents. The extra-tropical remnants of Esau made landfall on New Zealand's North Island during 8 March, where hail and a tornado were reported to have occurred. The name Esau was subsequently retired from the list of tropical cyclone names for the South Pacific basin.
Towards the end of February 1992, a monsoon trough of low pressure was located over the South Pacific Ocean, between northern Australia and the Samoan Islands.[1] A shallow tropical depression subsequently developed within this monsoon trough during 24 February, about 370 km (230 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[2] Over the next day the system gradually developed further as it moved towards the south-west under the influence of a northerly steering flow, before it passed over Pentecost Island in northern Vanuatu during 25 February.[2][3] After passing over Pentecost the system continued to move towards the southwest and passed near the island of Malampa, before the depression turned northwards and executed a small clockwise loop as it passed over the island of Espiritu Santo.[1] Early on 26 February, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center started to issue advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 21P, while it was located to the east of Espiritu Santo.[4][5] Later that day the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) reported that the system had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Esau.[1][2] Throughout that day as Esau intensified further, it moved south-westwards and away from the islands of Vanuatu.[2] Esau subsequently accelerated westwards to the north of an intense subtropical ridge of high pressure and gradually intensified further as it moved into an area of decreasing vertical windshear.[1]
During 28 February, the system became a category 3 severe tropical cyclone, while it was located about 550 km (340 mi) to the west of Espiritu Santo.[2] During that day the system intensified further before it started executing a second clockwise loop as the subtropical ridge weakened and placed the system in an area of weak steering.[1] The FMS subsequently reported that the system had peaked as a category 4 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[1][4] The system subsequently moved into the Australian region and brought gale-force winds to the Solomon Islands during 29 February.[1] The JTWC also reported that Esau had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 240 km/h (150 mph), which made it a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[4] Over the next few days the system moved south-eastwards and back into the South Pacific basin, under the influence of a northwest steering flow and threatened the southern islands of Vanuatu.[2] The system subsequently came to within 450 km (280 mi) of southern Vanuatu before turning southwards and threatening the French overseas territory of New Caledonia.[2] The system made landfall near Ponerihouen in the French territory of New Caledonia on 4 March, as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[2] As a result of passing over the mountainous island nation and increasing vertical wind shear, the system continued to weaken and transitioned into an extra tropical cyclone over the cooler waters of the Tasman Sea.[2][5] The extra tropical remnants of Cyclone Esau subsequently made landfall on New Zealand's North Island in the Taranaki and Hawkes Bay area during 8 March, before they were last noted during the next day over the South Pacific Ocean.[6]
Preparations and impact
Severe Tropical Cyclone Esau caused minimal damage as it affected the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and New Zealand, before the name was retired from the Lists of tropical cyclone names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.[2][7] Esau first affected the northern Vanuatu Islands between 25–27 February, with heavy rain and strong winds of up to 80 km/h (50 mph).[2][3][8] The system subsequently affected the southern islands of Vanuatu between 2–3 March, when it was considered to be as powerful and potentially damaging as Cyclone Uma.[3] However, there was no damage or any gale-force winds reported in Vanuatu, after the system had become the fourth tropical cyclone to affect the island nation during the 1991–92 season.[2][3][9] The system subsequently became the fourth tropical cyclone to affect the Solomon Islands, during the 1991–92 season between 27 February – 4 March.[2][10] At its closest point of approach to the island nation between 28–29 February, Esau produced gale-force winds on the islands of Bellona and Rennell and knocked down several banana, coconut and pawpaw trees.[2][11] The system also destroyed several houses and severely flooded various taro gardens and food crops.[2][11][12] It was subsequently estimated that relief workers, would need to provide aid for around 5000 people on the two islands.[11][12]
After affecting both Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, Esau became the strongest tropical cyclones to affect New Caledonia on record as it made landfall on the northern region of the island nation with hurricane-force winds between 4–5 March.[1][13] Ahead of the system making landfall, the maximum alert was introduced for most of the island nation, before it was extended out to cover the whole territory.[14] Within the French territory wind gusts of 158 km/h (98 mph) were recorded in Népoui and Cap N'Dua, while a wind gust of 144 km/h (89 mph) was recorded in Poindimié.[13] Extensive flooding was reported in the territory while rainfall totals of 528 mm (20.8 in), 395 mm (15.6 in) and 354 mm (13.9 in) were recorded in Kopéto, Tiendanite and Tiwaka.[13][15] Several roads were blocked as the system blew down trees and damaged buildings, while power and communications were also knocked out over the island.[15][16] One person drowned as she tried to cross a river near Hienghene, while a young child went missing on the island of Lifou but was later found safe by local residents.[13][15][17] Severe Tropical Cyclone Fran subsequently affected the northern part of the French territory between 10–11 March.[13] On 8 March, the extratropical remnants of Esau made landfall on New Zealand's North Island in the Taranaki and Hawkes Bay area.[6]
^ abcdefghGill, Jonathan P. "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1991–1992" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 43. Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 189. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ abcdefghijklmnoTropical Cyclone Esau, February 24 - March 7 (Tropical Cyclone Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^ abcdTropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. 19 May 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ abc"1992 Tropical Cyclone Easu (1992055S13169)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ ab6. Tropical Cyclone Warning Verification Statistics: Southern Hemisphere (PDF) (1992 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1993. p. 244. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ abLorrey, Andrew M; Griffiths, Georgina; Fauchereau, Nicolas; Diamond, Howard J; Chappella, Petra R; Renwick, James (2014). "An ex-tropical cyclone climatology for Auckland, New Zealand". International Journal of Climatology. 34 (4). Royal Meteorological Society: 1157–1168. Bibcode:2014IJCli..34.1157L. doi:10.1002/joc.3753. S2CID 131397337.
^RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
^"Earthweek: A diary of the planet: For the week ending February 28, 1992". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 1 March 1992. p. 20. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^Country Report: Pacific Islands—Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Western Samoa, Vanuatu, Tonga. The Unit. 1992. p. 52.
^"Tropical Cyclones/Depressions that passed through Solomon Islands Region" (PDF). Solomon Islands Meteorological Service. 13 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ abc"Cyclone Esau hits Solomons". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. 3 March 1992. p. 5. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ ab"Cyclone Esau hits Solomon Islands". Xinhua General News Service. 3 March 1992. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
^ abcdeNew Caledonia Meteorological Office. "Phénomènes ayant le plus durement touché la Nouvelle-Calédonie: De 1880 à nos jours: Esau" [Phenomena having the hardest hit New Caledonia: From 1880 to the present: Esau]. Météo-France. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
^"Le cyclone Esaü arrive sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie". Le Monde (in French). Agence France-Presse. 5 March 1992. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ abcCyclone Causes Two Deaths in New Caledonia (Pacific Magazine). Vol. 17. Pacific Magazine Corporation. 1992. p. 129.
^"Earthweek: A diary of the planet: For the week ending March 6, 1992". The Sunday Gazette. 8 March 1992. p. 20. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^"Nouvelle-Calédonie: un enfant retrouvé sain et sauf". Le Monde (in French). Agence France-Presse. 7 March 1992. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
External links
World Meteorological Organization
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Fiji Meteorological Service
New Zealand MetService
Joint Typhoon Warning Center
Track Map of Cyclone Esau near Vanuatu, from the Vanuatu Meteorological Service
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
